Demographics of Georgia (country)

The demographic features of the population of Georgia include population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1770[3]	761,000	—
1800[4]	784,700	+3.1%
1832[4]	892,100	+13.7%
1865[5]	1,289,200	+44.5%
1886[5]	1,641,900	+27.4%
1897[6]	1,919,400	+16.9%
1914[7]	2,697,500	+40.5%
1917[7]	2,357,800	−12.6%
1926	2,677,533	+13.6%
1939	3,540,023	+32.2%
1959	4,044,045	+14.2%
1970	4,686,358	+15.9%
1979	4,993,182	+6.5%
1989	5,400,841	+8.2%
2002	4,371,535	−19.1%
2014	3,713,804	−15.0%
Note: Present territory of Georgia[8]

Demographics of Georgia
Georgia population pyramid in 2020
Population	3,716,858[n 1] (2020)
Density	65.3 (2018)
Growth rate	1.5‰ (2017)
Birth rate	14.3‰ (2017)
Death rate	12.8‰ (2017)
Life expectancy	73.5 years (2018)
Infant mortality rate	8.1‰ (2018)
Net migration rate	-0.6 (2017)[n 1][1]
Age structure
0–14 years	20%[n 1][2]
15–64 years	65.4%
65 and over	14.6%
Sex ratio
Total	0.92 male(s)/female[n 1][2]
At birth	1.07 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.09 male(s)/female
15–64 years	0.96 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.6 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Georgian(s) adjective: Georgian
Major ethnic	Georgians
Minor ethnic	Ethnic minorities in Georgia
Language
Official	Georgian (Abkhaz)[n 2]
Spoken	Others

Demographic trends

Density of the population of Georgia by municipality (2018)

Distribution of the population of Georgia by municipalities

Municipalities of Georgia by the population's predominant gender

Percentage of ethnic Georgians by municipality

Cities and towns in Georgia by population size

Ethnic composition of the regions of Georgia

The demographic situation in Georgia, like that of some other former Soviet republics (especially Estonia and Latvia), has been characterized by two prominent features since independence: decline in total population and significant "Georgianization" of the ethnic composition. The proportion of ethnic Georgians increased by full 10 percentage points between 1989 and 2002, rising from 73.7% to 83.7% of the population.[9]

The population grew steadily while Georgia was part of the Soviet Union and during the first years of independence, rising from less than 4 million in the 1950s to a peak of 5.5 million in 1992.[10] Then the trend changed and the population began to decline, dropping to 4.5 million in 2005 according to the estimates by the Georgian Department of Statistics.[11] This figure represents the total population, including the separatist regions of Abkhazia and Tskhivanli Region, whose population in 2005 was estimated at 178,000 and 49,200, respectively. Without Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region, the population in the regions controlled by the central government of Georgia was 4,321,500 in 2005 and 4,382,100 in 2008[12] (compare the 2008 figure with the CIA estimate of 4,630,841 for all of Georgia, including Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region[13]).

Georgia was named among the highest-emigration countries in the world (with respect to population) in the 2007 World Bank report. The 2002 population census in Georgia revealed a net migration loss of 1.1 million persons, or 20% of the population, since the early 90s.[14] The decline in Georgia's population is caused by the emigration in search of employment, and a sharp fall of birth rates.[15]

Vital statistics

Sources: United Nations[16] and GeoStat[17]

Total area

	Average population	Live births^1	Deaths^1	Natural change^1	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1950	3,527,000	82,900	27,000	55,900	23.5	7.7	15.9
1951	3,585,000	86,800	26,900	59,900	24.2	7.5	16.7
1952	3,646,000	85,700	26,600	59,100	23.5	7.3	16.2
1953	3,710,000	87,200	26,300	60,900	23.5	7.1	16.4
1954	3,775,000	91,400	26,000	65,400	24.2	6.9	17.3
1955	3,840,000	92,500	25,700	66,800	24.1	6.7	17.4
1956	3,904,000	89,800	26,500	63,300	23.0	6.8	16.2
1957	3,967,000	89,700	27,000	62,700	22.6	6.8	15.8
1958	4,031,000	93,100	27,400	65,700	23.1	6.8	16.3
1959	4,095,000	98,300	27,400	70,900	24.0	6.7	17.3
1960	4,160,000	102,866	27,015	51,866	24.7	6.5	18.2	2.65
1961	4,224,000	104,429	27,621	53,429	24.7	6.5	18.2	2.65
1962	4,291,000	101,717	30,394	51,717	23.7	7.1	16.6	2.63
1963	4,357,000	100,326	29,620	51,326	23.0	6.8	16.2	2.62
1964	4,420,000	97,433	29,708	48,433	22.0	6.7	15.3	2.62
1965	4,478,000	94,987	31,291	46,987	21.2	7.0	14.2	2.60
1966	4,531,000	92,026	30,389	44,026	20.3	6.7	13.6	2.57
1967	4,577,000	89,302	32,904	42,302	19.5	7.2	12.3	2.53
1968	4,619,000	89,660	32,416	43,660	19.4	7.0	12.4	2.52
1969	4,662,000	87,069	35,169	41,069	18.7	7.5	11.2	2.45
1970	4,706,000	90,207	34,283	45,207	19.2	7.3	11.9	2.62
1971	4,753,000	90,396	35,325	45,396	19.0	7.4	11.6	2.61
1972	4,798,000	86,402	36,409	41,402	18.0	7.6	10.4	2.53
1973	4,837,000	88,577	35,911	44,577	18.3	7.4	10.9	2.58
1974	4,876,000	89,761	37,145	45,761	18.4	7.6	10.8	2.59
1975	4,908,000	89,712	39,292	45,712	18.3	8.0	10.3	2.52
1976	4,940,000	90,605	38,875	46,605	18.3	7.9	10.4	2.52
1977	4,972,000	89,028	40,139	45,028	17.9	8.1	9.8	2.33
1978	4,990,000	88,766	40,239	45,766	17.8	8.1	9.8	2.31
1979	5,017,000	89,803	41,907	47,896	17.8	8.4	9.5	2.34
1980	5,056,000	89,458	43,346	46,112	17.6	8.6	9.1	2.26
1981	5,086,000	92,501	43,961	48,540	18.1	8.6	9.5	2.29
1982	5,117,000	91,784	42,734	49,050	17.9	8.4	9.6	2.25
1983	5,151,000	92,660	43,301	49,359	18.0	8.4	9.6	2.20
1984	5,184,000	95,841	45,787	50,054	18.5	8.8	9.7	2.24
1985	5,218,000	97,739	46,153	51,586	18.7	8.8	9.9	2.27
1986	5,250,000	98,155	46,354	51,801	18.7	8.8	9.9	2.26
1987	5,300,000	94,595	46,332	48,263	17.8	8.7	9.1	2.19
1988	5,367,000	91,905	47,544	44,361	17.1	8.9	8.3	2.13
1989	5,413,000	91,138	47,077	44,061	16.8	8.7	8.1	2.15
1990	5,439,000	92,815	50,721	43,895	17.1	9.3	8.1	2.29
1991	5,460,000	89,091	52,416	36,675	16.3	9.6	6.7	2.07
1992	5,408,000	72,631	55,076	17,555	13.4	10.2	3.2	1.72

¹Births and deaths until 1959 are estimates.

Excluding Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1993	4,854,000	55,594	56,270	−676	11.5	11.6	−0.1
1994	4,862,000	57,311	50,326	6,985	11.8	10.4	1.4	1.53
1995	4,734,000	56,486	49,219	7,267	11.9	10.1	1.8	1.57
1996	4,616,000	55,153	48,251	6,902	11.6	10.2	1.4	1.60
1997	4,532,000	54,136	48,026	6,110	11.4	10.5	1.1	1.63
1998	4,487,000	51,491	47,907	3,584	11.0	10.5	0.5	1.60
1999	4,453,000	48,408	47,909	499	10.7	10.6	0.1	1.55
2000	4,418,000	48,167	48,250	-83	10.7	10.7	-0.0	1.59
2001	4,386,000	46,620	47,133	-513	10.5	10.6	-0.1	1.57
2002	4,357,000	45,127	47,514	-2,387	10.2	10.8	-0.6	1.53
2003	4,329,000	45,450	47,114	-1,664	10.3	10.7	-0.4	1.56
2004	4,318,000	45,751	49,746	-3,995	10.3	11.2	-0.9	1.58
2005	4,321,000	46,063	49,534	-3,471	10.4	11.1	-0.7	1.59
2006	4,401,000	46,845	50,014	-3,169	10.6	11.2	-0.6	1.62
2007	4,394,000	48,499	50,204	-1,705	11.1	11.4	-0.3	1.69
2008	3,847,000	52,442	50,490	1,952	13.6	13.1	0.5	1.84
2009	3,829,000	56,568	50,794	5,774	14.8	13.3	1.5	2.01
2010	3,800,000	55,230	51,066	4,164	14.6	13.5	1.1	2.00
2011	3,774,000	51,565	49,818	1,747	13.7	13.3	0.4	1.89
2012	3,740,000	49,969	49,347	622	13.4	13.2	0.2	1.85
2013	3,718,000	49,657	48,564	1,093	13.4	13.1	0.3	1.86
2014	3,717,000	60,635	49,087	11,548	16.3	13.2	3.1	2.31
2015	3,722,000	59,249	49,121	10,128	15.9	13.2	2.7	2.31
2016	3,729,000	56,569	50,771	5,798	15.2	13.7	1.5	2.24
2017	3,726,000	53,293	47,822	5,471	14.3	12.9	1.4	2.14
2018	3,729,000	51,138	46,524	4,614	13.7	12.5	1.2	2.12
2019	3,723,000	48,296	46,659	1,637	13.0	12.5	0.4	2.01

Current birth and death statistics[18]

• Number of births from January-June 2019 = 22,945
• Number of births from January-June 2020 = 22,142

• Number of deaths from January-June 2019 = 24,563
• Number of deaths from January-June 2020 = 23,448

• Natural growth from January–June 2019 = -1,618
• Natural growth from January–June 2020 = -1,306

Life expectancy

Period	Life expectancy in Years[19]
1950–1955	60.65
1955–1960	62.65
1960–1965	64.65
1965–1970	66.65
1970–1975	68.15
1975–1980	69.64
1980–1985	69.63
1985–1990	70.45
1990–1995	70.11
1995–2000	71.09
2000–2005	72.60
2005–2010	72.65
2010–2015	72.74

Structure of the population[20]

Structure of the population (01.01.2019) :

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	1 790 600	1 929 600	3 720 200	100
0-4	141 300	131 900	273 200	7,35
5-9	134 600	124 300	258 900	6,96
10-14	118 500	106 200	224 700	6,04
15-19	109 100	96 500	205 600	5,53
20-24	115 400	104 000	219 400	5,90
25-29	129 700	126 100	255 800	6,88
30-34	136 000	135 100	271 100	7,28
35-39	126 500	127 600	254 100	6,83
40-44	119 100	121 400	240 500	6,46
45-49	115 100	119 100	234 200	6,30
50-54	111 800	121 300	233 100	6,27
55-59	120 800	139 800	260 600	7,00
60-64	102 500	129 300	231 800	6,23
65-69	80 800	112 800	193 600	5,20
70-74	51 300	80 200	131 500	3,53
75-79	36 100	64 800	100 900	2,71
80-84	28 900	58 700	87 600	2,36
85+	13 000	30 600	43 600	1,17

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	394 400	362 400	756 800	20,35
15-64	1 186 000	1 220 200	2 406 200	64,68
65+	210 100	347 100	557 200	14,97

Ethnic groups

Georgians are the predominant ethnic group in Georgia, according to the 2014 census 86.83% of the population. The proportion in 2014 was much higher than in preceding censuses as in 2014 Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region were not under government control and therefore not included. As a result of this the proportion of Ossetians and Abkhazians was very low (0.39% and 0.02%, respectively).

Population of Georgia in 2014

  Georgians (86.8%)

  Azerbaijanis (6.3%)

  Armenians (4.5%)

  Russians (0.7%)

  Ossetians (0.4%)

  Yazidis (0.3%)

  Ukrainians (0.2%)

  Greeks (0.2%)

  Assyrians (0.1%)

  Others (0.5%)

Population of Georgia according to ethnic group 1800–1897

Ethnic group	1800^1		1832^2		1865^3		1886^4		1897^5
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Georgians	622,600	79.4	677,100	75.9	950,600	73.8	1,188,100	72.4	1,331,300	69.4
Armenians	47,000	6.0	84,000	9.4	122,600	9.5	172,900	10.5	197,000	10.3
Russians	-	-	-	-	25,900	2.0	42,500	2.6	101,000	5.3
Ossetians	29,300	3.7	32,300	3.6	45,500	3.6	71,000	4.3	81,500	4.2
Transcaucasian Tatars	30,000	3.8	27,000	3.0	51,500	4.0	62,600	3.8	81,100	4.2
Abkhazians	52,000	6.6	56,600	6.3	60,000	4.6	38,000	2.3	42,600	2.2
Greeks	500	0.1	7,000	0.8	12,000	0.9	28,800	1.8	38,500	2.0
Jews	3,300	0.4	4,000	0.5	7,800	0.6	11,700	0.7	17,200	0.9
Germans	-	-	-	-	4,200	0.3	5,500	0.3	7,400	0.4
Others	-	-	4,100	0.5	9,100	0.7	20,800	1.3	21,800	1.1
Total	784,700		892,100		1,289,200		1,641,900		1,919,400
^1 Source: [21] ^2 Source: [21] ^3 Source: [22] ^4 Source: [22] ^5 Source: [22]

Population of Georgia according to ethnic group 1926–2014

Ethnic group	census 1926^1		census 1939^2		census 1959^3		census 1970^4		census 1979^5		census 1989^6		census 2002^6		census 2014^7
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Georgians	1,788,186	66.8	2,173,922	61.4	2,600,588	64.3	3,130,741	66.8	3,433,011	68.8	3,787,393	70.1	3,661,173	83.8	3,224,564	86.8
Azerbaijanis	137,921[23]	5.2	188,058[24]	5.3	153,600	3.8	217,758	4.6	255,678	5.1	307,556	5.7	284,761	6.5	233,024	6.3
Armenians	307,018	11.5	415,013	11.7	442,916	11.0	452,309	9.7	448,000	9.0	437,211	8.1	248,929	5.7	168,102	4.5
Russians	96,085	3.6	308,684	8.7	407,886	10.1	396,694	8.5	371,608	7.4	341,172	6.3	67,671	1.5	26,453	0.7
Ossetians	113,298	4.2	147,677	4.2	141,178	3.5	150,185	3.2	160,497	3.2	164,055	3.0	38,028	0.9	14,385	0.4
Yazidis	2,262	0.1	12,915	0.4	16,212	0.4	20,690	0.4	25,688	0.5	33,331	0.6	18,329	0.4	12,174	0.3
Kurds	7,955	0.3											2,514	0.1	1,596	0.0
Ukrainians	14,356	0.5	45,595	1.3	52,236	1.3	49,622	1.1	45,036	0.9	52,443	1.0	7,039	0.2	6,034	0.2
Greeks	54,051	2.0	84,636	2.4	72,938	1.8	89,246	1.9	95,105	1.9	100,324	1.9	15,166	0.3	5,544	0.2
Assyrians	2,904	0.1	4,707	0.1	5,005	0.1	5,617	0.1	5,286	0.1	6,206	0.1	3,299	0.1	2,377	0.1
Jews	30,389	1.1	42,300	1.2	51,582	1.3	55,382	1.2	28,298	0.6	24,795	0.5	2,333	0.0	1,405	0.0
Abkhazians	56,847	2.1	57,805	1.6	62,878	1.5	79,449	1.7	85,285	1.7	95,853	1.8	3,527	0.1	864	0.0
Others	65,961	2.5	58,711	1.7	37,026	0.9	38,665	0.8	39,690	0.8	50,502	0.9	18,766	0.4	17,282	0.5
Total	2,677,233		3,540,023		4,044,045		4,686,358		4,993,182		5,400,841		4,371,535		3,713,804
^1 Source: . ^2 Source: . ^3 Source: . ^4 Source: . ^5 Source: . ^6 Source: . ^7 Source: .

Languages

Languages of Georgia in 2014

  Georgian (87.64%)

  Azerbaijani (6.23%)

  Armenian (3.90%)

  Russian (1.24%)

  Ossetian (0.15%)

  Other (0.84%)

Population of Georgia by native language

Language	2002 census[25]		2014 census[26]
	Number	%	Number	%
Georgian	3,677,995	84.14	3,254,852	87.64
Azerbaijani	283,632	6.49	231,436	6.23
Armenian	235,653	5.39	144,812	3.90
Russian	83,007	1.90	45,920	1.24
Ossetian	31,381	0.72	5,698	0.15
Other	59,867	1.36	31,014	0.84
Not stated	-	-	72	0.00
Total	4,371,535		3,713,804

Religion

Religion (2014 Georgian census)

  Georgian Orthodox Church (83.41%)

  Armenian Apostolic Church (2.94%)

  Catholic Church (0.52%)

  Jehovah's Witnesses (0.33%)

  Protestantism (0.07%)

  Islam (10.73%)

  Yazidism (0.23%)

  Judaism (0.04%)

  Other, irreligious or unspecified (1.73%)

Religion	2002[27]		2014[28]
	Number	%	Number	%
Christianity	3,872,099	88.58	3,240,724	87.27
–Georgian Orthodox Church	3,666,233	83.87	3,097,573	83.41
–Armenian Apostolic Church	171,139	3.92	109,041	2.94
–Catholic Church	34,727	0.79	19,195	0.52
–Jehovah's Witnesses	-	-	12,395	0.33
–Protestantism	-	-	2,520	0.07
Islam	433,784	9.92	398,677	10.73
Yazidism	-	-	8,591	0.23
Judaism	3,541	0.08	1,417	0.04
Other religions	62,111	1.42	1,429	0.04
No religion	-	-	19,080	0.51
Refusal	-	-	9,635	0.26
Religion not stated	-	-	34,251	0.92
Total population	4,371,535	100.0	3,713,804	100.0

CIA World Factbook 2002 demographic statistics [29]

Ethnic groups:

• Georgian 100.00%

Languages:

• Georgian (official) 71%
• Russian 9%
• Azerbaijani 6.3%

Religions:

• Orthodox Christian (official) 83.9%

Age structure:

• 0–14 years: 16.9% (male 401,3/female 359,8)
• 15–64 years: 69.4% (male 1,509,8/female 1,610,8)
• 65 years and over: 13.7% (male 232,7/female 383,2) (2012 resultat.)

Median age:

• total: 39.1 years
• male: 36.6 years
• female: 41.6 years (2011 est.)

Population growth rate:

• -0.327% (2012 est.)

Sex ratio:

• at birth: 1.11 male(s)/female
• under 15 years: 1.15 male(s)/female
• 15–64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
• 65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
• total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2012 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

• total: 14.68 deaths/1,000 live births
• male: 16.58 deaths/1,000 live births
• female: 12.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

• total population: 74,5 years
• male: 70,2 years
• female: 78,6 years (2012 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.71 children born/woman (2012 est.)

HIV/AIDS

• adult prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
• people living with HIV/AIDS: 2,700 (2007 est.)
• deaths: less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:

• noun: Georgian(s)
• adjective: Georgian

Literacy:, age 15 and over can read and write

• total population: 100%
• male: 100%
• female: 100% (2004 est.)

Population growth rate by province

Source: Statistics Georgia: Population by region

Year	2003	2004	2005	2006	Change in Births	2003	2004	2005	2006	2003	2004	2005	2006	2003	2004	2005	2006	2003	2004	2005	2006
Region	Births	Births	Births	Births	Births	BR 03	BR 04	BR 05	BR 06	Deaths	Deaths	Deaths	Deaths	DR 03	DR 04	DR 05	DR 06	PGR 03	PGR 04	PGR 05	PGR 06
Tbilisi	16,808	12,317	12,794	13,773	(-18.06%)	15.58	11.42	11.85	12.48	12,597	12,424	11,164	12,454	11.67	11.52	10.34	11.29	0.39%	(-0.01%)	0.15%	0.12%
Autonomous Republic Abkhazia	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Autonomous Republic Adjara	4,092	5,716	4,711	4,637	13.32%	10.96	15.44	12.63	12.29	2,405	3,017	3,020	2,609	6.44	8.15	8.1	6.92	0.45%	0.73%	0.45%	0.54%
Guria	1,165	1,431	1,432	1,343	15.28%	8.2	10.28	10.32	9.64	1,923	1,963	1,746	1,479	13.53	14.1	12.59	10.62	(-0.53%)	(-0.38%)	(-0.23%)	(-0.10%)
Imereti	6,348	7,717	6,717	7,131	12.33%	9.14	11.18	9.75	10.19	8,143	9,756	6,490	7,797	11.72	14.14	9.42	11.14	(-0.26%)	(-0.30%)	(0.03%)	(-0.10%)
Kakheti	2,787	3,655	3,366	3,840	37.78%	6.9	9.11	8.42	9.49	4,652	5,527	4,005	4,189	11.52	13.77	10.02	10.35	(-0.46%)	(-0.47%)	(-0.16%)	(-0.09%)
Mtskheta-Mtianeti	903	1,514	1,298	1,165	29.01%	7.25	12.36	10.6	9.36	1,480	1,701	1,332	1,237	11.88	13.89	10.87	9.94	(-0.46%)	(-0.15%)	(-0.03%)	(-0.06%)
Racha-Lechkumi and Kvemo Svaneti	202	327	376	235	16.34%	4.02	6.58	7.66	4.79	798	991	700	632	15.9	19.94	14.26	12.87	(-1.19%)	(-1.34%)	(-0.66%)	(-0.81%)
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti	3,652	3,817	4,408	4,421	21.06%	7.86	8.27	9.53	9.35	4,803	3,682	4,193	3,892	10.34	7.98	9.07	8.23	(-0.25%)	0.03%	0.05%	0.11%
Samtskhe-Javakheti	2,142	2,836	2,303	2,113	(-1.35%)	10.39	14	11.32	10.13	2,143	2,208	1,706	1,604	10.39	10.9	8.38	7.69	0.00%	0.31%	0.29%	0.24%
Kvemo Kartli	3,568	6,407	5,148	5,856	64.13%	7.23	13.05	10.41	11.54	3,424	3,561	3,086	3,354	6.94	7.25	6.24	6.61	0.03%	0.58%	0.42%	0.49%
Shida Kartli	4,527	3,835	3,959	3,281	(-27.52%)	14.58	12.42	12.81	10.45	3,687	3,963	3,279	3,008	11.87	12.83	10.61	9.58	0.27%	(-0.04%)	0.22%	0.09%
Total	46,194	49,572	46,512	47,795	3.47%	10.64	11.49	10.76	10.86	46,055	48,793	40,721	42,255	10.61	11.31	9.42	9.6	0.00%	0.02%	0.13%	0.13%

See also

• Georgia
• Azerbaijanis in Georgia
• Armenians in Georgia
• Russians in Georgia
• Greeks in Georgia
• Caucasus Greeks
• Assyrians in Georgia

Notes

1. Not including data of the Russian occupied territories of Georgia
2. Official only in Abkhazia.

References

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4. ჯაოშვილი, ვახტანგ. საქართველოს მოსახლეობა XVIII-XX საუკუნეებში./Jaoshvili, Vakhtang. Population of Georgia in the XVIII-XX centuries. Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1984, pp. 72
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23. Including 56,110 Meskhetian Turks
24. Including 87,987 Meskhetian Turks
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External links

• Zhvania, Irakli: "Housing in Georgia" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 23