Demographics of Hungary

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Hungary, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1784[2]	2,681,595	—
1870	5,011,310	+86.9%
1880	5,329,191	+6.3%
1890	6,009,351	+12.8%
1900	6,854,415	+14.1%
1910	7,612,114	+11.1%
1920	7,986,875	+4.9%
1930	8,685,109	+8.7%
1941	9,316,074	+7.3%
1949	9,204,799	−1.2%
1960	9,961,044	+8.2%
1970	10,300,996	+3.4%
1980	10,709,463	+4.0%
1990	10,374,823	−3.1%
2001	10,200,298	−1.7%
2011	9,937,628	−2.6%
2020	9,769,526	−1.7%
Note: Present territory of Hungary[3]

Demographics of Hungary
1715-2008 Historic estimates and censuses for the total population in the territory of present-day Hungary.
Population	9 769 526 (January 2020)
Growth rate	−4.9 births/1,000 population (2020)
Birth rate	9.5 births/1,000 population (2020)
Death rate	14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2020)
Life expectancy	76.16 years (2019)
• male	72.86 years (2019)
• female	79.33 years (2019)
Fertility rate	1.55 children born/woman (2020) [1]
Infant mortality rate	3.4 / 1000 live births (2020)
Age structure
0–14 years	14.8%
15–64 years	67.7%
65 and over	17.5%
Sex ratio
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years	0.96 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.59 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Major ethnic	Hungarians
Language
Spoken	Hungarian

Population density in Hungary by district.

Population

The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians,[4] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000,[5] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range.[4][6][7] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack,[8][9] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.

According to the demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country in the 18th century due to the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.[10]

900–1910

Date	Estimated Population	Estimated Percentages of Hungarian people, with and without Inclusion of the Kingdom of Croatia	Notes
c. 900 AD	250,000-350,000[11] 500,000-600,000[11] 600,000[4] 1,000,000-1,500,000[12]	66%[4][7]	Size of the country was about 330 thousand square km,[12] with a density of 3-4.5 [12] or 0.56-1.06 [11] persons per square km
1000	1,000,000-1,500,000[13]
1060	500,000-550,000[11]		A density of 1.51-1.67 persons per square km.[11]
1100	2,000,000[12]
1181	2,600,000[12]
1200	1,000,000-1,100,000[11]		A density of 3.03-3.33 persons per square km (330 thousand square km).[11]
1222	2,000,000[14]	70–80%[10][15]	The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tatar invasion.
1242	1,020,000-1,220,000[11] 1,200,000[15]		Population decreased after the Mongol invasion of Hungary (estimates of population loss range from 20% to 50%).[16]
1300	1,400,000-1,600,000[11] 2,000,000[17] 3,000,000[12]
1348	5,000,000[18] 3,000,000[19][20]		Before the plague (at the time of the Angevin kings).
1370	c. 2,000,000	60–70%[15] (including Croatia)
1400	3,000,000-3,500,000[21] 3,000,000[18]
1490	5,000,000[22][23] 4,500,000-5,000,000[19][24] 4,000,000-4,500,000[21] 4,000,000[17][25][26][27] 3,500,000-4,000,000[13] 3,400,000[28]	90%[29] 80-85%[30] 80%[15][31][32][33] 77%[25] 75-80%[34][35][36][37] [38] 60-70% (including Croatia)[39]	Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians).
1600	4,000,000-4,500,000[40] 3,500,000[41]		Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania, and Ottoman Hungary combined.
1699	4,000,000[40][41][42] 3,500,000-4,000,000[37] 3,500,000[43]	50–55%[15][39] 50%[37][42]	At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians).
1711	4,000,000[44] 2,500,000[23]	53%[15] 45%[30]	At the end of the Kuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement.
1720	4,000,000-4,500,000[45] 4,000,000[11][27][46] 3,500,000[26][38] 2,600,000-4,000,000[47]	55%[38] 45%[25] 44%[48] 40%[29] 35%[10]
1785-87	8,000,000		5% urban subjects.[49]
1790	9,000,000[26][27][50] 8,500,000[23] 8,100,000-8,200,000[47]	40%[10][51][52] 39%[11] 35%[53]	End of the organized resettlement (around 800 new German villages had been established between 1711 and 1780).[54]
1828	11,495,536
1830		37% (44 percent in central Hungary)[55]
1837		44%[56] 37% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[56]
1846	12,033,399	40–45% 41.6%[57] 36.5-40% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[57]	Two years before the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
1850	11,600,000	41.4%[58]
1857	13,830,870	44.5%[11]
1869	13,508,000	45.2%[59]
1880	13,749,603	46%
1900	16,838,255	51.4%[60]
1910	18,264,533	54.5%[60] 48.1% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[61]	5% Jews (counted according to their mother tongue).

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, and not that of the present-day republic.

Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[62]

Years	1850	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860[62]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	5.18	5.15	5.12	5.09	5.06	5.03	5	4.97	4.94	4.91	4.88

Years	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870[62]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	4.85	5.11	5.41	5.03	5.11	5.02	4.64	5.09	5.12	5.14

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880[62]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	5.23	4.96	5.18	5.23	5.55	5.61	5.29	5.23	5.58	5.23

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890[62]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	5.28	5.4	5.5	5.59	5.48	5.57	5.41	5.36	5.35	4.93

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900[62]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary	5.2	4.96	5.25	5.08	5.48	5.11	4.97	4.95	4.62	4.79

Population of Hungary (1910–2009, with comments)

Vital statistics from 1900

Unless otherwise indicated, vital statistics are from the Hungarian Statistical Office.[63][64]

Hungary fertility rate by county (2014)

1.7 - 1.9   1.5 - 1.7   1.4 - 1.5   1.3 - 1.4   < 1.3

Births and deaths in the territory of modern Hungary

[65][66] [67][68] [69] [70]

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rates[fn 1][62][64]
1900	6,854,000	268,019	177,363	90,656	39.4	27.0	12.4	5.28
1901		260,439	166,662	93,777	37.6	25.0	12.6	5.22
1902		270,385	179,260	91,125	38.6	26.9	11.7	5.16
1903		258,209	179,518	78,691	36.5	26.1	10.4	5.10
1904		260,446	172,704	87,742	37.0	24.8	12.2	5.04
1905		252,501	203,516	48,985	35.5	27.8	7.7	4.98
1906		258,296	176,938	81,358	36.1	24.9	11.2	4.91
1907		261,231	180,216	81,015	36.2	25.6	10.6	4.85
1908		268,637	177,872	90,765	36.7	25.0	11.7	4.79
1909		271,177	184,445	86,732	37.1	25.4	11.7	4.73
1910	7,612,000	265,457	168,875	96,582	35.4	23.4	12.0	4.67
1911		261,375	184,009	77,366	34.8	24.8	10.0	4.59
1912		270,804	172,148	98,656	36.0	23.0	13.0	4.50
1913		264,418	174,241	90,177	34.3	23.2	11.1	4.42
1914		270,690	176,574	94,116	34.5	23.4	11.1	4.34
1915		187,734	189,418	−1,684	23.7	25.3	−1.6	4.26
1916		135,443	159,810	−24,367	16.8	20.9	−4.1	4.17
1917		130,817	163,507	−32,690	16.0	20.7	−4.7	4.09
1918		127,894	207,395	−79,501	15.3	25.7	−10.4	4.01
1919	7,860,000	217,431	157,392	60,039	27.6	20.0	7.6	3.93
1920	7,940,000	249,458	169,717	79,741	31.4	21.4	10.0	3.84
1921	8,020,000	255,453	170,059	85,394	31.8	21.2	10.6	3.81
1922	8,080,000	249,279	173,351	75,928	30.8	21.4	9.4	3.60
1923	8,170,000	238,971	159,287	79,684	29.2	19.5	9.7	3.39
1924	8,220,000	221,462	167,668	53,794	26.9	20.4	6.5	3.18
1925	8,300,000	235,480	142,150	93,330	28.3	17.1	11.2	3.36
1926	8,370,000	229,484	139,905	89,579	27.4	16.7	10.7	3.24
1927	8,490,000	218,548	150,675	67,873	25.8	17.8	8.0	3.05
1928	8,510,000	224,693	146,496	78,197	26.4	17.2	9.2	3.08
1929	8,580,000	215,463	152,847	62,976	25.1	17.8	7.3	2.92
1930	8,660,000	219,784	134,341	85,443	25.4	15.5	9.9	2.84
1931	8,730,000	206,925	144,968	61,957	23.7	16.6	7.1	2.84
1932	8,783,000	205,529	157,106	48,423	23.4	17.9	5.5	2.78
1933	8,845,000	193,911	129,913	63,998	21.9	14.7	7.3	2.72
1934	8,915,000	194,279	129,049	65,230	21.8	14.5	7.3	2.57
1935	8,980,000	189,479	136,923	52,556	21.1	15.2	5.9	2.55
1936	9,040,000	183,369	128,333	55,036	20.3	14.2	6.1	2.48
1937	9,100,000	182,449	128,049	54,400	20.0	14.1	6.0	2.42
1938	9,159,000	182,206	130,628	51,578	19.9	14.3	5.6	2.46
1939	9,217,000	178,633	124,591	54,042	19.4	13.5	5.9	2.50
1940	9,280,000	185,562	132,735	52,827	20.0	14.3	5.7	2.48
1941	9,340,000	177,047	123,349	53,698	19.0	13.2	5.7	2.52
1942	9,392,000	187,187	136,844	50,343	19.9	14.6	5.4	2.55
1943	9,440,000	173,295	127,158	46,137	18.4	13.5	4.9	2.55
1944	9,250,000	190,000	144,048	45,952	20.5	15.6	5.0	2.61
1945	9,055,000	169,091	211,323	-42,232	18.7	23.3	-4.7	2.64
1946	9,042,000	169,120	135,486	33,634	18.7	15.0	3.7	2.67
1947	9,093,000	187,316	117,537	69,779	20.6	12.9	7.7	2.70
1948	9,158,000	191,907	105,780	86,127	21.0	11.6	9.4	2.73
1949	9,249,000	190,398	105,718	84,680	20.6	11.4	9.2	2.76
1950	9,338,000	195,567	106,902	88,665	20.9	11.4	9.5	2.77
1951	9,423,000	190,645	109,998	80,647	20.2	11.7	8.6	2.76
1952	9,504,000	185,820	107,443	78,377	19.6	11.3	8.2	2.72
1953	9,595,000	206,926	112,039	94,887	21.6	11.7	9.9	2.67
1954	9,706,000	223,347	106,670	116,677	23.0	11.0	12.0	2.61
1955	9,825,000	210,430	97,848	112,582	21.4	10.0	11.5	2.53
1956	9,911,000	192,810	104,236	88,574	19.5	10.5	8.9	2.44
1957	9,840,000	167,202	103,645	63,557	17.0	10.5	6.5	2.34
1958	9,882,000	158,428	97,866	60,562	16.0	9.9	6.1	2.23
1959	9,937,000	151,194	103,880	47,314	15.2	10.5	4.8	2.12
1960	9,961,044	146,461	101,525	44,936	14.7	10.2	4.5	2.02
1961	10,005,980	140,365	96,410	43,955	14.0	9.6	4.4	1.94
1962	10,049,935	130,053	108,273	21,780	12.9	10.7	2.2	1.79
1963	10,071,715	132,335	99,871	32,464	13.1	9.9	3.2	1.82
1964	10,104,179	132,141	100,830	31,311	13.0	9.9	3.1	1.80
1965	10,135,490	133,009	108,119	24,890	13.1	10.6	2.4	1.81
1966	10,160,380	138,489	101,943	36,546	13.6	10.0	3.6	1.88
1967	10,196,926	148,886	109,530	39,356	14.6	10.7	3.8	2.01
1968	10,236,282	154,419	115,354	39,065	15.0	11.2	3.8	2.06
1969	10,275,347	154,318	116,659	37,659	15.0	11.3	3.7	2.03
1970	10,322,099	151,819	120,197	31,622	14.7	11.6	3.1	1.97
1971	10,353,721	150,640	123,009	27,631	14.5	11.9	2.7	1.92
1972	10,381,352	153,625	118,991	34,634	14.8	11.4	3.3	1.94
1973	10,415,626	156,224	123,366	32,858	15.0	11.8	3.1	1.95
1974	10,448,484	186,288	125,816	60,472	17.8	12.0	5.8	2.30
1975	10,508,956	194,240	131,102	63,138	18.4	12.4	6.0	2.38
1976	10,572,094	185,405	132,240	53,165	17.5	12.5	5.0	2.26
1977	10,625,259	177,574	132,031	45,543	16.7	12.4	4.3	2.17
1978	10,670,802	168,160	140,121	28,039	15.8	13.1	2.6	2.08
1979	10,698,841	160,364	136,829	23,535	15.0	12.8	2.2	2.02
1980	10,709,463	148,673	145,355	3,318	13.9	13.6	0.3	1.92
1981	10,712,781	142,890	144,757	−1,867	13.3	13.5	−0.2	1.88
1982	10,710,914	133,559	144,318	−10,759	12.5	13.5	−1.0	1.78
1983	10,700,155	127,258	148,643	−21,385	11.9	13.9	−2.0	1.73
1984	10,678,770	125,359	146,709	−21,350	11.8	13.8	−2.0	1.73
1985	10,657,420	130,200	147,614	−17,414	12.3	14.0	−1.6	1.83
1986	10,640,006	128,204	147,089	−18,885	12.2	14.0	−1.8	1.83
1987	10,621,121	125,840	142,601	−16,761	12.0	13.6	−1.6	1.79
1988	10,604,360	124,296	140,042	−15,746	11.9	13.4	−1.5	1.78
1989	10,588,614	123,304	144,695	−21,391	11.9	13.9	−2.1	1.78
1990	10,374,823	125,679	145,660	−19,981	12.1	14.0	−1.9	1.84
1991	10,373,153	127,207	144,813	−17,606	12.3	14.0	−1.7	1.85
1992	10,373,647	121,724	148,781	−27,057	11.7	14.3	−2.6	1.76
1993	10,365,035	117,033	150,244	−33,211	11.3	14.5	−3.2	1.68
1994	10,350,010	115,598	146,889	−31,291	11.2	14.2	−3.0	1.64
1995	10,336,700	112,054	145,431	−33,377	10.8	14.1	−3.2	1.57
1996	10,321,229	105,272	143,130	−37,858	10.2	13.9	−3.7	1.45
1997	10,301,247	100,350	139,434	−39,084	9.8	13.6	−3.8	1.37
1998	10,279,724	97,301	140,870	−43,569	9.5	13.7	−4.2	1.33
1999	10,253,416	94,645	143,210	−48,565	9.2	14.0	−4.7	1.29
2000	10,221,644	97,597	135,601	−38,004	9.6	13.3	−3.7	1.32
2001	10,200,298	97,047	132,183	−35,136	9.5	13.0	−3.4	1.31
2002	10,174,853	96,804	132,833	−36,029	9.5	13.1	−3.5	1.30
2003	10,142,362	94,647	135,823	−41,176	9.3	13.4	−4.1	1.27
2004	10,116,742	95,137	132,492	−37,355	9.4	13.1	−3.7	1.27
2005	10,097,549	97,496	135,732	−38,236	9.7	13.5	−3.8	1.30
2006	10,076,581	99,871	131,603	−31,732	9.9	13.1	−3.2	1.34
2007	10,066,158	97,613	132,938	−35,325	9.7	13.2	−3.5	1.31
2008	10,045,401	99,149	130,027	−30,878	9.9	13.0	−3.1	1.35
2009	10,030,975	96,450	130,350	−33,900	9.6	13.0	−3.4	1.32
2010	10,014,324	90,335	130,456	−40,121	9.0	13.0	−4.0	1.25
2011	9,985,722	88,049	128,795	−40,746	8.8	12.9	−4.1	1.23
2012	9,931,925	90,269	129,440	−39,171	9.1	13.0	−3.9	1.34
2013	9,908,798	88,689	126,778	−38,089	9.0	12.8	−3.9	1.34
2014	9,877,365	91,510	126,308	−34,798	9.3	12.8	−3.5	1.41
2015	9,855,571	91,690	131,697	−40,007	9.3	13.3	−4.0	1.44
2016	9,830,485	93,063	127,053	−33,990	9.5	12.9	−3.2	1.49
2017	9,797,561	91,577	131,674	−40,097	9.4	13.5	−4.1	1.49
2018	9,778,371	89,807	131,045	−41,238	9.2	13.4	−4.2	1.49
2019	9,772,756	89,193	129,603	−40,410	9.1	13.3	−4,1	1.49
2020	9,769,526	92,233	139,549	−47,316	9.5	14.3	−4.9	1.55

Current population natural growth

[71]

• Number of births from January to November 2019 = 81,412
• Number of births from January to November 2020 = 84,975
• Number of deaths from January to November 2019 = 118,393
• Number of deaths from January to November 2020 = 122,302
• Natural growth from January to November 2019 = −36,981
• Natural growth from January to November 2020 = −37,327

Infant mortality rate

The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all-time low in 2009: 5.1 per 1000 live born children.

Historical

[72][73][74]

Year Total Fertility Rate 1900–1901 5.28 1910–1911 4.67 1920–1921 3.84 1930–1931 2.84 1940–1941 2.48 1948–1949 2.56 1950–1955 2.73 1956–1960 2.24 1961–1965 1.83 1966–1970 1.99

Year Total Fertility Rate 1971–1975 2.10 1976–1980 2.09 1981–1985 1.79 1986–1990 1.80 1991–1995 1.70 1996–2000 1.35 2001–2005 1.29 2006–2010 1.31 2011–2015 1.35 2016–2020 1.50

TFR by county

Source: 2011 census [75]

County	1980	1990	2001	2011
Baranya	1.70	1.65	1.52	1.47
Bács-Kiskun	1.81	1.73	1.59	1.56
Békés	1.82	1.75	1.62	1.57
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén	1.88	1.83	1.72	1.66
Csongrád	1.59	1.55	1.44	1.41
Fejér	1.85	1.79	1.62	1.56
Győr-Moson-Sopron	1.81	1.73	1.56	1.49
Hajdú-Bihar	1.92	1.82	1.65	1.56
Heves	1.79	1.69	1.57	1.53
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok	1.90	1.80	1.67	1.62
Komárom-Esztergom	1.80	1.73	1.58	1.53
Nógrád	1.84	1.76	1.64	1.60
Pest	1.76	1.69	1.54	1.48
Somogy	1.74	1.68	1.58	1.53
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg	2.21	2.05	1.85	1.75
Tolna	1.83	1.76	1.65	1.60
Vas	1.82	1.72	1.58	1.51
Veszprém	1.88	1.79	1.64	1.58
Zala	1.78	1.73	1.56	1.52
Budapest	1.25	1.27	1.17	1.13
All	1.71	1.65	1.53	1.47

Vital statistics by county

There are large variations in the birth rates as of 2016: Zala County has the lowest birth rate with 7.5 births per thousand inhabitants, while Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has the highest birth rate with 11.2 births per thousand inhabitants.

The death rates also differ greatly from as low as 11.3 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Pest County to as high as 15.7 deaths per thousand inhabitants in Békés County.

Vital statistics as of 2016 [76]
County	Birth rate (‰)	Death rate (‰)	Natural increase
Baranya	8.0	13.6	-5.6
Bács-Kiskun	9.3	13.6	-4.3
Békés	8.2	15.7	-7.5
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén	11.0	14.2	-3.2
Budapest	9.2	12.0	-2.9
Csongrád	8.4	12.9	-4.5
Fejér	9.4	12.5	-3.1
Győr-Moson-Sopron	8.9	11.4	-2.4
Hajdú-Bihar	10.3	11.6	-1.3
Heves	9.4	14.5	-5.1
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok	9.9	14.8	-4.8
Komárom-Esztergom	9.7	13.4	-3.7
Nógrád	9.1	15.1	-6.0
Pest	9.8	11.3	-1.5
Somogy	8.8	14.3	-5.5
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg	11.2	12.2	-0.9
Tolna	9.0	13.7	-4.7
Vas	8.3	13.5	-5.2
Veszprém	8.7	13.5	-4.8
Zala	7.9	14.0	-6.1

Demographics statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.[77]

• One birth every 6 minutes
• One death every 4 minutes
• Net loss of one person every 16 minutes
• One net migrant every 90 minutes

Population pyramid of Hungary in 1960

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[64]

Population pyramid of Hungary in 2017

Population

9,825,704 (July 2018 est.)

9,850,845 (July 2017 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.66% (male 741,624 /female 698,905)

15-24 years: 10.76% (male 546,437 /female 511,214)

25-54 years: 42.01% (male 2,077,449 /female 2,050,330)

55-64 years: 13.07% (male 593,250 /female 690,784)

65 years and over: 19.5% (male 725,728 /female 1,189,983) (2018 est.)

0-14 years: 14.71% (male 746,043/female 702,792) (2017 est.)

15-24 years: 10.96% (male 557,655/female 522,324) (2017 est.)

25-54 years: 41.88% (male 2,075,101/female 2,050,478) (2017 est.)

55-64 years: 13.4% (male 608,734/female 711,602) (2017 est.)

65 years and over: 19.05% (male 708,214/female 1,167,902) (2017 est.)

0–14 years: 15% (male 763,553/female 720,112) (2009 est.)

15–64 years: 69.3% (male 3,384,961/female 3,475,135) (2009 est.)

65 years and over: 15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)

Median age

total: 42.7 years. Country comparison to the world: 25th

male: 40.8 years

female: 44.7 years (2018 est.)

total: 42.3 years

male: 40.4 years

female: 44.3 years (2017 est.)

Birth rate

8.9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 206th

9 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death rate

12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12th

Total fertility rate

1.45 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 205th

Net migration rate

1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 58th

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.3 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.26% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 214th

-0.25% (2017 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 76.3 years (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 88th

male: 72.6 years (2018 est.)

female: 80.2 years (2018 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, unspecified 27.2% (2011 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births Country comparison to the world: 177th

male: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

Languages

Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2% note: shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 46.9 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 21.2 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 25.7 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio: 3.9 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 71.4% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanization: 0.07% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 17.3% Country comparison to the world: 76th

male: 18.3%

female: 16% (2015 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Period	Life expectancy in Years[78]
1950–1955	64.01
1955–1960	66.91
1960–1965	68.79
1965–1970	69.45
1970–1975	69.41
1975–1980	69.59
1980–1985	69.08
1985–1990	69.42
1990–1995	69.41
1995–2000	70.88
2000–2005	72.54
2005–2010	73.74
2010–2015	75.40

Ethnic groups and language

County	Hungarian	Bulgarian	Romani	Greek	Croat	Polish	German	Armenian	Romanian	Rusyn	Serbian	Slovak	Slovenian	Ukrainian
All	93.5%	0.1%	3.2%	0.0%	0.3%	0.1%	1.9%	0.0	0.4%	0.0%	0.1%	0.4%	0.0%	0.1%
Budapest	95.5%	0.1%	1.2%	0.1%	0.1%	0.2%	1.7%	0.1%	0.5%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%
Bács-Kiskun	93.7%	0.0%	2.2%	0.0%	0.7%	0.0%	2.4%	0.0%	0.3%	0.0%	0.2%	0.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Baranya	86.3%	0.1%	4.6%	0.0%	1.9%	0.1%	6.7%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Békés County	91.9%	0.0%	2.7%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.9%	0.0%	1.7%	0.0%	0.1%	2.5%	0.0%	0.0%
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén	90.0%	0.0%	8.5%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.6%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.3%	0.0%	0.1%
Csongrád	96.8%	0.0%	1.2%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.6%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.5%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%
Fejér	96.0%	0.0%	1.5%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	1.7%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%
Győr-Moson-Sopron	95.0%	0.1%	0.8%	0.0%	0.7%	0.0%	2.7%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Hajdú-Bihar	95.4%	0.1%	3.4%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.4%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%
Heves	92.6%	0.0%	6.3%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok	94.2%	0.0%	4.9%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.4%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Komárom-Esztergom	93.2%	0.1%	1.4%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	3.6%	0.0%	0.3%	0.0%	0.0%	1.2%	0.0%	0.1%
Nógrád	90.0%	0.0%	7.7%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.7%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	1.4%	0.0%	0.0%
Pest	94.2%	0.1%	1.7%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	2.5%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.1%	0.6%	0.0%	0.1%
Somogy	92.1%	0.0%	5.3%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	1.7%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg	90.8%	0.0%	8.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.5%	0.0%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.3%
Tolna	90.3%	0.0%	3.9%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	5.2%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%
Vas	94.5%	0.0%	1.0%	0.0%	1.2%	0.0%	2.1%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.7%	0.0%
Veszprém	94.8%	0.0%	1.5%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	3.2%	0.0%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%
Zala	94.1%	0.0%	2.6%	0.0%	1.3%	0.0%	1.6%	0.0%	0.1%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%

[79]

Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)

The Red Map.[80][81] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km²[82] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.[83]

  Hungarians

  Germans

  Slovaks

  Rusyns

  Romanians

  Serbs

  Croats

  Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million,[84] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians,[60] Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.[85]

Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.[86][87][88] Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding Croatia-Slavonia. Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910 (This census was recorded by language, thus amongst Hungarians also others - mainly Jews - were included who declared their primary language as Hungarian). The present day location of each area is given in parenthesis.

• In Upper Hungary (mostly Slovakia): 885,000 - 30%
• In Transylvania (Romania): 1,658,045 - 31.6%
• In Vojvodina (Serbia): 425,672 - 28.1%
• In Transcarpathia (Ukraine): 183,000 - 30%
• In Croatia: 121,000 - 3.5%
• In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 14,065 - 15%
• In Burgenland (Austria): 26,200 - 9%

Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data

Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

• In Upper Hungary (mostly Slovakia): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma). However, according to the Czechoslovak census in 1921, there were 2,025,003 (67,5%) Slovaks, 650,597 (21,7%) Hungarians, 145,844 (4,9%) Germans, 88,970 (3,0%) Ruthenians and 90,456 (3,0%) others including Jews.[89]
• In Carpathian Ruthenia (Ukraine): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
• In Transylvania (Romania): 2,831,222 Romanians (53.8%) and 2,431,273 others (mostly Hungarians - 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans - 563,087 (10.7%). The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a greater percentage of Romanians (57.1%/57.3%) and a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5%/25.5%)[90]
• In Vojvodina and Croatia-Slavonia (Serbia, Croatia): 2,756,000 Croats and Serbs and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
• In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 74,199 Slovenes (80%), 14,065 Hungarians (15,2%), 2,540 Germans (2,7%)
• In Burgenland (Austria): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)

Post-Trianon Hungary

Population in the territory of present-day Hungary according to ethnic group 1495–1930[91]

Ethnic group	estimation 1495		1715		1785		census 1880		census 1900		census 1910		census 1920		census 1930
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Hungarians	990,000	95.6%	1,176,000	79.1%	2,103,000	79.0%	4,402,364	82.4%	5,890,999	85.9%	6,730,299	88.4%	7,155,973	89.6%	8,000,335	92.1%
Germans	17,000	1.6%	136,600	9.2%	291,900	11.0%	606,363	11.3%	604,751	8.8%	553,179	7.3%	550,062	6.9%	477,153	5.5%
Slovaks	n.d	n.d.	37,700	2.5%	130,400	4.9%	199,788	3.7%	192,227	2.8%	165,317	2.2%	141,877	1.8%	104,786	1.2%
Croats	1,200	0.1%	58,900	4.0%	71,700	2.7%	59,251	1.1%	68,161	1.0%	62,018	0.8%	58,931	0.7%	47,337	0.5%
Others	23,800	2.4%	70,800	4.8%	66,214	2.4%	75,598	1.5%	98,277	1.5%	101,301	1.3%	80,026	1.0%	55,503	0.6%
Total	1,032,000		1,480,000		2,663,214		5,343,364		6,854,415		7,612,114		7,986,875		8,685,109

According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

• 551,212 German (6.9%)
• 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
• 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
• 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
• 23,228 Bunjevac and Šokci (0.3%)
• 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
• 7,000 Slovenes (0,08%)

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I.[92]

From 1938 to 1945

Ethnic map of Hungary in 1941

Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania

Hungary expanded its borders and regained territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia at the outset of the war. These improvements were affirmed by the two Vienna Awards (1938 and 1940), while the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Regarding Northern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% Hungarians and 49% Romanians,[93] while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians.[94] The territory of Bácska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.[94] The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.[91]

Population of Hungary in 1941[95]

Ethnic group	census 1941
	Number	%
Hungarians	11,881,455	80.9%
Romanians	1,051,026	7.2%
Ruthenians	547,770	3.7%
Germans	533,045	3.6%
Serbs	213,585	1.5%
Slovaks	175,550	1.2%
Jewish[Note 1]	139,041	0.9%
Roma	76,209	0.5%
Croats	12,346	0.1%
Slovenes	9,400	0.1%
Others	29,210	0.2%
Total	14,679,573

After WW II: 1949–1990

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Romani people in the second half of the 20th century.

Population of Hungary 1949–1990

Ethnic group	census 1949		census 1960		census 1970		census 1980		census 1990
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Hungarians	9,076,041	98.6%	9,786,038	98.2%	10,166,237	98.5%	10,638,974	99.3%	10,142,072	97.8%
Roma	21,387	0.2%	25,633	0.3%	34,957	0.3%	6,404	0.1%	142,683	1.4%
Germans	22,455	0.2%	50,765	0.5%	35,594	0.4%	11,310	0.1%	30,824	0.3%
Slovaks	25,988	0.3%	30,630	0.3%	21,176	0.2%	9,101	0.1%	10,459	0.1%
Croats	20,423	0.2%	33,014	0.3%	17,609	0.2%	13,895	0.1%	13,570	0.1%
Romanians	14,713	0.2%	15,787	0.2%	12,624	0.1%	8,874	0.1%	10,740	0.1%
Serbs	5,158	0.1%	4,583	0.1%	12,235	0.1%	2,805	0.0%	2,905	0.0%
Slovenes	4,473	0.1%	-		4,205	0.0%	1,731	0.0%	1,930	0.0%
Others	14,161	0.1%	14,534	0.1%	17,462	0.2%	16,369	0.2%	19,640	0.2%
Total	9,204,799		9,961,044		10,322,099		10,709,463		10,374,823

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

2001–2011

[96] [97]

Population of Hungary 2001–2011

Ethnic group	census 2001		census 2011
	Number	%	Number	%
Hungarians	9,416,045	92.3%	8,504,492	85.6%
Roma	189,984	2.0%	315,583	3.2%
Germans	62,105	0.6%	185,696	1.9%
Romanians	7,995	0.1%	35,641	0.4%
Slovaks	17,693	0.2%	35,208	0.4%
Croats	15,597	0.2%	26,774	0.3%
Serbs	3,816	0.0%	10,038	0.1%
Slovenes	3,025	0.0%	2,820	0.0%
Others	57,059	0.6%	73,399	0.9%
Not stated	570,537	5.6%	1,398,731	14.1%
Total	10,198,315		9,937,628

• Note: In 2001 570,537, in 2011 1,398,731 people did not give answer for ethnicity. Moreover, people were able to give more than one answer on the question asking for the minorities (for example, people were allowed to write Hungarian as their first ethnic identity and German as an ethnic identity being influenced by), hence the sum of the above exceeds the number of population.
• Methodology had changed in 2001 and 2011 also.[98]
• Roma people is estimated to be around 8.8% Roma[99][100]

2016

Population of Hungary in 2016[98]

Ethnic group	microcensus 2016
	Number	%
Hungarians	9,632,774	98.3%
Romani	309,632	3.2%
Germans	178,837	1.8%
Romanians	36,506	0.4%
Slovaks	29,794	0.3%
Croats	22,995	0.2%
Russians	21,518	0.2%
Chinese	15,454	0.2%
Arabs	11,704	0.1%
Serbs	11,127	0.1%
Ukrainians	10,996	0.1%
Poles	8,245	0.08%
Vietnamese	7,304	0.07%
Greeks	4,454	0.05%
Bulgarians	4,022	0.04%
Slovenes	2,700	0.03%
Rusyns	2,342	0.02%
Armenians	2,324	0.02%
Others	26,349	0.3%
Total	9,803,837

• Note: In Hungary people are able to give more than one answer on the question asking for the minorities (for example, people were allowed to write Hungarian as their first ethnic identity and German as an ethnic identity being influenced by), hence the sum of the above exceeds the number of population.[98]
• In 2016 102,000 people (1% of the total population) did not give answer for ethnicity.[98]

Historical ethnic groups of Hungary

Hungarians in Hungary (2001)

Minorities of Hungary

When the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, it was inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups of Onogurs and Bulgars occupied the valley of the river Mureş at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

The Roma minority

Population pyramid of Budapest (99.2% non-Romany inhabitants), see: Demographics of Budapest

Population pyramid of Alsószentmárton (100% Romany inhabitants)

The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.[101] Nowadays, the real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.[102][103][104][105][106] Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.[107] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.[107]

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

• Slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.[108]
• Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.[109]
• Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
• Lack of debate regarding the subject: academic researchers and members of the mainstream press disregard any critics and study the subject in the canonical viewpoint. Critics don't have the funds necessary to perform alternative studies.

Kabars

Three Kabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.[50] They settled mostly in Bihar county.

Böszörménys

The Muslim Böszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from Volga Bulgaria and Khwarezm.

Pechenegs

Communities of Pechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)

Smaller groups of Oghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.[110] They were settled mostly in Barcaság. The city of Ózd got its name after them.

Jassics

The Jassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.[111]

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.[112] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.[14]

Romanians

The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is the Gesta Hungarorum,[113][114] while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar County from 1283.[115][116] The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222,1280)[116][117][118][119] showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.[116] The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258).[116]

They were a significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Maramureș and Partium. There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made by István Kniezsa, 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names,[120] and around 1400 AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin.[120] The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from the Early modern period,[120] and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.[120] Although, according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600.[121] Jean W.Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,[122] however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority before Battle of Mohács and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.[123] Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century.[124][125][126]

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: Bedő, Csengerújfalu, Kétegyháza, Körösszakál, Magyarcsanád, Méhkerék, Mezőpeterd, Pusztaottlaka and Vekerd.[127] Important communities lived in the villages of Battonya, Elek, Körösszegapáti, Létavértes, Nyíradony, Pocsaj, Sarkadkeresztúr, Zsáka and in the town of Gyula.[127]

Slovaks

The Slovak people lived mainly in Upper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions of Vojvodina, Banat and Békés county received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such as Békéscsaba, where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, or Nyíregyháza, where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881.[127] After WWII a major population exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: about 73,000 Slovaks were transferred to Slovakia, replaced by an incomparable number of Hungarians.[128]

Serbs

From the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the Battle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary were South Slavs (the Janissary). After the Turkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

Germans

Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled in Upper Hungary and in Southern Transylvania (Transylvanian Saxons), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of Bánát, Bács-Bodrog, Baranya and Tolna counties (as well as into present-day Romania and Yugoslavia), which had been depopulated by the Ottoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as Danube Swabians).[129] In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).[130]

Rusyns

Rusyns had lived mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in Vojvodina from the 18th century.

Croats

Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

Poles

The Poles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

Slovenes

The Slovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between the Mura and the Rába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

Jews

The first historical document about Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.[131]

Armenians

The first Armenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

Greeks

Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,[132] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;[133] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.[132] It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.[133] A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungary after the Greek Civil War, notably in the 'Greek' village of Beloiannisz.

Bulgarians

The town of Szentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the Middle Ages. However, present day Bulgarians are largely descended from gardeners who migrated to Hungary from the 18th century.

Religion

Religious affiliation in Hungary (2011)[134]

Denominations	Population	% of total
Catholicism	3,871,922	38.9
Roman Catholics	3,691,389	37.1
Greek Catholics	179,176	1.8
Protestantism	1,368,547	13.8
Calvinists	1,153,454	11.6
Lutherans	215,093	2.2
Orthodox Christianity	13,710	0.1
Judaism	10,968	0.1
Other religions	167,231	1.7
Total religions	5,432,375	54.7
No religion	1,806,409	18.2
Did not wish to answer	2,698,844	27.1
total	9,937,628	100.00

Calvary in Tata, Komárom-Esztergom

Distribution of religions in Hungary

The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation took place and, as a result, first Lutheranism, then soon afterwards Calvinism, became the religion of almost the entire population. In the second half of the 16th century, however, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians, although Protestantism survived as the faith of a significant minority, especially in the far east and northeast of the country. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Faith Church, one of Europe's largest Pentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community.

According to 2011 census data, Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, with around 5.2 million adherents (52.9%),[135] while the largest denomination in Hungary is Catholicism (38.9% — Roman Catholicism 37.1%; Greek Catholicism 1.8%).[136] There is a significant Calvinist minority (11.6% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (2.2%), Orthodox (0.1%) and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than attendance; around 12% of Hungarians attend religious services more than least once a week and around 50% more than once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God at all.[137] The census showed a large drop of religious adherents who wish to answer, from 74.6% to 54.7% in ten years' time, replacing them by people either who do not wish answer or people who are not following a religion.

Immigration

Foreign-born population

Countries with at least 2,000 persons, residing in Hungary.[138]

Country	2016	2017	2018
Ukraine	5,774	10,503	24,197
Romania	24,040	22,747	21,017
China	19,111	19,905	18,851
Germany	18,627	17,879	16,537
Slovakia	9,519	9,652	9,563
Serbia	2,312	3,356	5,342
Russia	4,902	4,790	5,088
Vietnam	3,256	3,698	4,669
Italy	3,353	3,576	3,635
United States	3,198	3,373	3,387
Austria	4,021	3,743	3,142
United Kingdom	3,081	3,190	3,105
Netherlands	2,814	2,877	2,834
Turkey	2,063	2,327	2,785
France	2,523	2,633	2,593
Syria	1,519	1,987	2,139
Total	151,132	161,809	180,773

Foreign-born population by continent[138]

Continent	2016 population	% of total	2017 population	% of total	2018 population	% of total
Europe	99,194	65.63	104,254	64.43	117,552	65.03
Asia	39,937	26.42	44,692	27.62	49,056	27.14
America	5,397	3.57	5,891	3.64	6,850	3.79
Africa	5,985	3.96	6,334	3.91	6,660	3.68
Other and unknown	619	0.41	638	0.39	655	0.36

Largest cities

Name	Population (1949)	Population (1990)	Population (2011)	Population (2019)	Agglomeration	Status
Budapest	1,590,316	2,016,681	1,729,040	1,752,286	2,503,105 (2009)	Capital city
Debrecen	115,399	212,235	211,320	201,432	237,888 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Szeged	104,867	169,930	168,048	160,766	201,307 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Miskolc	109,841	196,442	167,754	154,521	216,470 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Pécs	89,470	170,039	156,049	142,873	179,215 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Győr	69,583	129,331	129,527	132,038	182,776 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Nyíregyháza	56,334	114,152	119,746	116,799	-	County seat, urban county
Kecskemét	61,730	102,516	111,411	110,687	-	County seat, urban county
Székesfehérvár	42,260	108,958	100,570	96,940	-	Regional centre, county seat, urban county

See also

• Hungarian diaspora
• Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary by county
• History of Hungary
• Demographic history of Syrmia
• Magyarization

Notes

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above represents a stable or increasing population and have been marked blue, while 2.0 and below leads to an aging and, ultimately, declining population.

1. Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.

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External links

• KSH, vital statistics, 1960-2012
• Hungarian Central Statistical Office (in English)