Demographics of Turkey

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Turkey, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Demographics of the Republic of Turkey
1961–2016
Population	84,078,320 (18 March 2020)
Growth rate	1.47% (2018)
Birth rate	15.3 births/1,000 population (2018)
Life expectancy	78.6 years (2019)
• male	75.9 years (2019)
• female	81.3 years (2019)
Fertility rate	1.88 children born/woman (2019)
Infant mortality rate	8.6 deaths/1000 infants (2019)
Age structure
0–14 years	23.1% (2019)
15–64 years	67.8% (2019)
65 and over	9.1% (2019)
Sex ratio
Total	1.02 male(s)/female
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Under 15	1.04 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.84 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish
Major ethnic	Turks
Minor ethnic	Kurds, Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Azerbaijanis, Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Chechens, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Lazi, Megleno-Romanians, Roma
Language
Official	Turkish
Spoken	Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Circassian, Crimean Tatar, Georgian, Laz, Greek, Kurdish, Megleno-Romanian, Zazaki, Ladino, Neo-Aramaic

In 2019, the population of Turkey was 83.2 million with a growth rate of 1.39% per annum.[1] Turkish people are the largest ethnic group, followed by Kurdish people.

The population is relatively young, with 23.6% falling in the 0–14 age bracket.[2] According to OECD/World Bank population statistics, from 1990 to 2008 the population growth in Turkey was 16 million or 29%.[3]

Population

Turkey total fertility rate by province (2019)[4]

  3-4

  2-3

  1.5-2

  1-1.5

Historical population[5] [6]

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1927 13,648,270 —     1935 16,158,018 +2.13% 1940 17,820,950 +1.98% 1945 18,790,174 +1.06% 1950 20,947,188 +2.20% 1955 24,064,763 +2.81% 1960 27,754,820 +2.89% 1965 31,391,421 +2.49% 1970 35,605,176 +2.55% 1975 40,347,719 +2.53%

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1980 44,736,957 +2.09% 1985 50,664,458 +2.52% 1990 56,473,035 +2.19% 2000 67,803,927 +1.85% 2010 73,722,988 +0.84% 2015 78,741,053 +1.33% 2016 79,814,871 +1.36% 2017 80,810,525 +1.25% 2018 82,003,882 +1.48% 2019 83,154,997 +1.40%

Life expectancy

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	41.01	1985–1990	63.04
1955–1960	43.69	1990–1995	65.49
1960–1965	47.22	1995–2000	68.49
1965–1970	50.78	2000–2005	71.37
1970–1975	53.75	2005–2010	73.37
1975–1980	57.05	2010–2015	74.83
1980–1985	60.22	2015-2020	77.31

Source: UN[7]

Vital statistics

UN estimates

The figures from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs:[8]

Period	Live births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR^1	CDR^1	NC^1	TFR^1	IMR^1
1950–1955	1,127,000	551,000	677,000	48.4	18.8	29.6	6.69	167.4
1955–1960	1,216,000	564,000	752,000	46.9	18.4	28.5	6.5	163.9
1960–1965	1,277,000	547,000	799,000	44.3	17.6	26.7	6.2	160.5
1965–1970	1,343,000	527,000	792,000	40.3	16.7	23.6	5.80	156.9
1970–1975	1,451,000	523,000	887,000	38.7	15.0	23.7	5.39	141.3
1975–1980	1,497,000	505,000	977,000	36.4	13.0	23.4	4.69	119.4
1980–1985	1,527,000	481,000	1,074,000	33.8	10.8	23.0	4.11	96.7
1985–1990	1,431,000	454,000	976,000	27.7	8.8	18.9	3.39	78.0
1990–1995	1,375,000	438,000	987,000	25.1	7.7	17.4	2.90	63.0
1995–2000	1,389,000	418,000	983,000	22.8	6.9	15.9	2.65	45.5
2000–2005	1,345,000	404,000	923,000	20.5	6.2	14.3	2.37	31.4
2005–2010	1,309,000	415,000	932,000	18.7	5.9	12.8	2.20	24.0
2010–2015	1,302,000	439,000	914,000	17.3	5.8	11.5	2.12	13.0
2015–2020	1,281,000	473,000	808,000	15.8	5.8	10.0	2.02
2020–2025	1,242,000	509,000	733,000	14.6	6.0	8.6	1.94
2025–2030	1,191,000	543,000	648,000	13.6	6.2	7.4	1.88
^1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Registered births and deaths

Birth statistics of Turkey from 2001 onward are from the Central Population Administrative System (MERNIS) database which is available on-line.[9] Birth statistics are updated continually because MERNIS has dynamic structure.[10]

In 2010 Turkey had a crude birth rate of 17.2 per 1000, in 2011 16.7, down from 20.3 in 2001. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2010 was 2.05 children per woman, in 2011 2.02. The crude birth rate in 2010 ranged from 11.5 per 1,000 in West Marmara (TFR 1.52) (11,5;1.55 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Bulgaria, to 27.9 per 1,000 in Southeast Anatolia (TFR 3.53) (27.1;3,42 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Syria. Similarly, in 2012, the TFR ranged from 1.43 in Kırklareli, to 4.39 in Şanlıurfa.[11] Death statistics from MERNIS are available as of 2009. Mortality data prior to 2009 are incomplete.

	Population (31.12.)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death (per 1000)	Natural increase (per 1000)	Total fertility rate (TFR)
1990		1,392,000	388,000	1,004,000
1991		1,390,000	391,000	999,000
1992		1,388,000	394,000	994,000
1993		1,385,000	396,000	989,000
1994		1,372,000	399,000	973,000
1995		1,368,000	402,000	966,000
1996		1,386,000	419,000	967,000
1997		1,317,000	424,000	893,000
1998		1,318,000	426,000	892,000
1999		1,313,000	427,000	886,000
2000		1,307,000	422,000	885,000
2001		1,323,341	175,137	1,148,204	20.3			2.37
2002		1,229,555	175,434	1,054,121	18.6			2.17
2003		1,198,927	184,330	1,014,597	17.9			2.09
2004		1,222,484	187,086	1,035,398	18.1			2.11
2005		1,244,041	197,520	1,046,521	18.2			2.12
2006		1,255,432	210,146	1,045,286	18.1			2.12
2007	70,586,256	1,289,992	212,731	1,077,261	18.4			2.16
2008	71,517,100	1,295,511	215,562	1,079,949	18.2			2.15
2009	72,561,312	1,266,751	369,703	897,048	17.6	5.1	12.5	2.10
2010	73,722,988	1,261,169	366,471	894,698	17.2	5.0	12.2	2.08
2011	74,724,269	1,252,812	376,162	876,650	16.9	5.1	11.8	2.05
2012	75,627,384	1,294,605	376,520	918,085	17.2	5.0	12.2	2.11
2013	76,667,864	1,297,505	373,041	924,464	17.0	4.9	12.1	2.11
2014	77,695,904	1,351,088	391,091	959,997	17.5	5.1	12.4	2.19
2015	78,741,053	1,336,442	405,528	930,914	17.1	5.2	11.9	2.16
2016	79,814,871	1,314,764	422,964	891,800	16.6	5.3	11.3	2.11
2017	80,810,525	1,297,638	426,662	870,976	16.2	5.3	10.9	2.08
2018	82,003,882	1,252,745	426,449	826,296	15.4	5.2	10.2	2.00
2019	83,154,997	1,183,652	435,941	747,711	14.3	5.3	9.0	1.88

Birth and death rate by region and year

Birth and Death Rate by Region and Year

Birth Rate by Region and Year[lower-alpha 1]

Region	Population (2018)	Birth Rate (TFR)/2017	Birth Rate (TFR)/2016	Birth Rate (TFR)/2015	Birth Rate (TFR)/2014	Birth Rate (TFR)/2013	Birth Rate (TFR)/2012	Birth Rate (TFR)/2011	Birth Rate (TFR)/2010	Birth Rate (TFR)/2009
Turkey	82,003,882	16.1 (2.07)	16.5 (2.11)	17.1 (2.15)	17.5 (2.18)	17.0 (2.11)	17.2 (2.11)	16.8 (2.05)	17.2 (2.08)	17.6 (2.12)
İstanbul	15,067,724	15.5 (1.79)	16.2 (1.85)	16.7 (1.88)	17.0 (1.89)	16.4 (1.81)	16.5 (1.80)	15.8 (1.72)	16.3 (1.77)	16.4 (1.77)
West Marmara	3,569,552	11.7 (1.69)	11.8 (1.68)	12.0 (1.69)	12.1 (1.69)	11.9 (1.64)	11.9 (1.63)	11.6 (1.57)	11.5 (1.54)	11.7 (1.54)
Aegean	10,514,200	12.8 (1.74)	13.1 (1.76)	13.6 (1.80)	13.8 (1.80)	13.4 (1.73)	13.7 (1.74)	13.2 (1.66)	13.3 (1.66)	13.7 (1.69)
East Marmara	7,968,135	14.6 (1.86)	14.9 (1.89)	15.2 (1.89)	15.3 (1.88)	14.8 (1.80)	15.0 (1.80)	14.5 (1.71)	14.8 (1.74)	15.2 (1.77)
West Anatolia	7,961,507	14.6 (1.83)	15.1 (1.86)	15.5 (1.90)	15.8 (1.91)	15.4 (1.85)	15.4 (1.83)	15.2 (1.79)	15.4 (1.80)	15.8 (1.83)
Mediterranean	10,461,409	16.2 (2.16)	16.9 (2.24)	17.5 (2.28)	18.0 (2.32)	17.6 (2.24)	17.8 (2.23)	17.3 (2.14)	17.8 (2.18)	18.3 (2.20)
Central Anatolia	4,064,957	14.7 (1.96)	15.3 (2.03)	15.8 (2.08)	16.3 (2.13)	15.9 (2.06)	16.3 (2.07)	16.4 (2.06)	16.7 (2.08)	17.6 (2.16)
West Black Sea	4,688,432	11.5 (1.66)	11.8 (1.69)	12.2 (1.73)	12.7 (1.77)	12.8 (1.76)	13.0 (1.77)	13.0 (1.74)	13.6 (1.79)	14.2 (1.84)
East Black Sea	2,719,113	11.9 (1.71)	12.3 (1.76)	12.5 (1.78)	12.8 (1.80)	12.8 (1.77)	13.0 (1.78)	13.1 (1.77)	13.6 (1.81)	14.1 (1.86)
Northeast Anatolia	2,211,054	20.5 (2.62)	21.1 (2.71)	21.6 (2.79)	22.6 (2.90)	22.4 (2.85)	22.8 (2.90)	22.9 (2.90)	23.4 (2.97)	23.1 (2.91)
Central East Anatolia	3,929,719	21.0 (2.63)	21.2 (2.66)	21.9 (2.75)	22.9 (2.87)	22.6 (2.82)	22.5 (2.82)	22.9 (2.85)	23.6 (2.95)	23.9 (3.00)
Southeast Anatolia	8,847,980	26.4 (3.34)	26.6 (3.37)	27.7 (3.51)	28.7 (3.62)	27.6 (3.48)	28.0 (3.53)	27.7 (3.48)	28.2 (3.57)	28.3 (3.59)

Death Rate by Region and Year[lower-alpha 1]

Region	Population (2018)	Death Rate (2017)	Death Rate (2016)	Death Rate (2015)	Death Rate (2014)	Death Rate (2013)	Death Rate (2012)	Death Rate (2011)	Death Rate (2010)	Death Rate (2009)
Turkey	82,003,882	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.1	4.9	5.0	5.1	5.0	5.1
İstanbul	15,067,724	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.2
West Marmara	3,569,552	7.8	7.7	7.8	7.5	7.1	7.3	7.3	7.3	7.3
Aegean	10,514,200	6.6	6.6	6.4	6.1	5.9	6.2	6.2	5.9	6.0
East Marmara	7,968,135	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.5	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.5	5.6
West Anatolia	7,961,507	5.0	4.9	4.7	4.7	4.5	4.6	4.7	4.6	4.8
Mediterranean	10,461,409	4.9	5.0	4.8	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5
Central Anatolia	4,064,957	6.1	6.1	5.9	5.8	5.5	5.5	5.7	5.5	5.7
West Black Sea	4,688,432	7.6	7.6	7.4	7.3	6.9	7.0	7.0	6.8	7.0
East Black Sea	2,719,113	7.3	7.0	6.9	6.8	6.3	6.5	6.5	6.2	6.4
Northeast Anatolia	2,211,054	4.9	5.0	5.0	4.9	4.8	5.0	5.4	5.0	5.1
Central East Anatolia	3,929,719	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.5	4.4	4.5
Southeast Anatolia	8,847,980	3.3	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.5	3.6	3.7	3.8

Total births and deaths by region and year

Absolute Births and Deaths by Region and Year

Absolute Births by Region and Year[lower-alpha 1]

Region	Population (2018)	Births (2017)	Births (2016)	Births (2015)	Births (2014)	Births (2013)	Births (2012)	Births (2011)	Births (2010)	Births (2009)
Turkey	82,003,882	1,291,055	1,311,895	1,334,465	1,349,467	1,296,762	1,294,605	1,258,125	1,261,169	1,266,751
İstanbul	15,067,724	231,576	239,206	242,480	242,118	229,274	226,594	213,441	213,821	210,441
West Marmara	3,569,552	40,759	40,418	40,347	40,098	38,793	38,517	37,058	36,284	36,400
Aegean	10,514,200	132,002	133,771	136,983	137,287	132,243	133,419	127,833	128,112	129,927
East Marmara	7,968,135	112,891	113,324	112,486	111,021	105,718	105,203	99,704	100,386	100,928
West Anatolia	7,961,507	114,331	116,087	117,491	117,294	112,541	111,279	108,026	106,921	107,734
Mediterranean	10,461,409	165,499	170,964	174,530	177,045	170,578	169,985	163,817	166,123	167,506
Central Anatolia	4,064,957	58,227	60,035	61,357	63,332	61,597	62,634	62,989	64,216	67,174
West Black Sea	4,688,432	52,519	53,598	54,935	57,043	57,337	58,377	58,511	61,393	63,972
East Black Sea	2,719,113	31,285	31,966	32,087	32,781	32,541	32,774	32,836	34,272	35,565
Northeast Anatolia	2,211,054	44,977	46,489	47,642	49,948	49,576	50,781	50,779	51,578	50,778
Central East Anatolia	3,929,719	80,553	81,031	83,524	86,911	84,929	84,018	84,344	86,055	86,812
Southeast Anatolia	8,847,980	226,436	225,006	230,603	234,589	221,635	221,024	213,474	212,008	209,514

Absolute Deaths by Region and Year[lower-alpha 1]

Region	Population (2018)	Deaths (2017)	Deaths (2016)	Deaths (2015)	Deaths (2014)	Deaths (2013)	Deaths (2012)	Deaths (2011)	Deaths (2010)
Turkey	82,003,882	425,781	422,726	405,365	391,091	372,920	376,520	375,367	365,707
İstanbul	15,067,724	63,273	62,577	60,077	58,009	54,766	54,696	53,109	52,775
West Marmara	3,569,552	27,212	26,415	26,144	24,864	23,228	23,496	23,161	23,001
Aegean	10,514,200	68,424	67,691	64,837	61,126	57,647	60,234	59,594	56,627
East Marmara	7,968,135	44,210	43,624	41,984	40,007	38,282	38,220	38,065	37,500
West Anatolia	7,961,507	38,873	37,768	35,810	34,589	33,217	33,369	33,076	32,251
Mediterranean	10,461,409	50,471	50,227	47,399	45,439	43,939	43,404	42,850	41,777
Central Anatolia	4,064,957	23,989	23,913	23,082	22,379	21,236	21,049	21,836	21,272
West Black Sea	4,688,432	34,718	34,345	33,352	32,772	31,007	31,476	31,619	30,511
East Black Sea	2,719,113	19,163	18,326	17,667	17,292	15,991	16,504	16,241	15,553
Northeast Anatolia	2,211,054	10,854	10,994	11,001	10,787	10,654	11,052	11,799	10,879
Central East Anatolia	3,929,719	15,975	16,068	15,652	15,441	15,410	15,419	16,358	15,936
Southeast Anatolia	8,847,980	28,619	30,778	28,360	28,386	27,543	27,601	27,659	27,625

Natural increase by region and year

Natural Increase by Region and Year

Natural Increase by Region and Year[lower-alpha 1]

Region	Population (2018)	Natural Increase (2017)	Natural Increase (2016)	Natural Increase (2015)	Natural Increase (2014)	Natural Increase (2013)	Natural Increase (2012)	Natural Increase (2011)	Natural Increase (2010)
Turkey	82,003,882	865,274/10.8	887,636/11.2	928,127/11.8	954,277/12.3	918,531/12.1	914,387/12.2	871,158/11.7	894,687/12.2
İstanbul	15,067,724	168,303/11.3	176,629/12.0	182,403/12.6	184,109/12.9	174,508/12.5	171,898/12.5	160,332/11.8	161,046/12.3
West Marmara	3,569,552	13,547/3.9	14,003/4.1	14,203/4.2	15,234/4.6	15,565/4.8	15,021/4.6	13,897/4.3	13,283/4.2
Aegean	10,514,200	63,578/6.2	66,080/6.5	72,146/7.2	76,161/7.7	74,596/7.5	73,185/7.5	68,239/7.0	71,485/7.4
East Marmara	7968135	68,681/8.9	69,700/9.2	70,502/9.5	71,014/9.8	67,436/9.4	66,983/9.5	61,639/9.0	62,886/9.3
West Anatolia	7,961,507	75,458/9.6	78,319/10.2	81,681/10.8	82,705/11.1	79,324/10.9	77,910/10.9	74,950/10.5	74,670/10.8
Mediterranean	10,461,409	115,028/11.3	120,737/11.9	127,131/12.7	131,606/13.4	126,639/13.1	126,581/13.3	120,967/12.8	124,346/13.3
Central Anatolia	4,064,957	34,238/8.6	36,122/9.2	38,275/9.9	40,953/10.5	40,361/10.4	41,585/10.8	41,153/10.7	42,944/11.2
West Black Sea	4,688,432	17,801/3.9	19,253/4.2	21,583/4.8	24,271/5.4	26,330/5.9	26,901/6.0	26,892/6.0	30,882/6.8
East Black Sea	2,719,113	12,122/4.6	13,640/5.3	14,420/5.6	15,489/6.0	16,550/6.5	16,270/6.5	16,595/6.6	18,719/7.4
Northeast Anatolia	2,211,054	34,123/15.6	35,495/16.1	36,641/16.6	39,161/17.7	38,922/17.6	39,729/17.8	38,980/17.5	40,699/18.0
Central East Anatolia	3,929,719	64,578/16.8	64,963/17.0	67,872/17.8	71,470/18.8	69,519/18.5	68,599/18.4	67,986/18.4	70,119/19.2
Southeast Anatolia	8,847,980	197,817/23.1	194,228/23.0	202,243/24.3	206,203/25.2	194,092/24.2	193,423/24.5	185,815/24.1	184,383/24.5

Historical fertility rate

Total Fertility Rate

Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):[12]

Year	CBR (Total)	TFR (Total)	CBR (Urban)	TFR (Urban)	CBR (Rural)	TFR (Rural)
1993	22,9	2,7 (1,8)	21,7	2,4 (1,7)	24,0	3,1 (2,0)
1998	23,4	2,61 (1,9)	22,8	2,39 (1,9)	24,7	3,08 (2,1)

Total fertility rate by region in Turkey by Turkish General Census (GNS) and Turkish population and health research (TNSA).[13]

	South-East	East	Mediterranean	Black Sea	Central	Aegean	Marmara	Turkey
TNSA 1978		6,31	3,77	4,99	4,26		2,89	4,33
GNS 1980	4,61	4,64	3,50	3,65	3,76	2,81	2,73	3,41
TNSA 1993		4,40	2,37	3,15	2,44		2,03	2,65
TNSA 1998		4,19	2,55	2,68	2,56		2,03	2,61
GNS 2000	4,31	3,72	2,43	2,28	2,29	1,96	1,88	2,53
TNSA 2003		3,65	2,30	1,94	1,86		1,88	2,23
GNS rural 2000	4,80	4,52	2,52	2,56	2,91	2,23	2,03	2,87
GNS urban 2000	4,05	3,08	2,38	2,01	2,05	1,80	1,85	2,20
GNS metropolitan 2000	3,81	2,34	2,41	1,87	1,89	1,60	1,83	2,03

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

Figures from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat):[14]

Total fertility rate by province 1980[14]

5 – 6   4 – 5   3 – 4   2 – 3   1.5 – 2   1 – 1.5

Total fertility rate by province (2013)[14]

Total fertility rate by province (2014)[14]

Total fertility rate by province (2015)[14]

Total fertility rate by province (2019)[14]

Total fertility rate development by province 2009-2015[14]

> 12%   8 to 12%   4 to 8%   0 to 4%   -4 to 0%   -8 to -4%   -12 to -8%   < -12%

Province	Population (2018)[15]	TFR (1980)[13]	TFR (2000)	TFR (2009)	TFR (2010)	TFR (2011)	TFR (2012)	TFR (2013)	TFR (2014)	TFR (2015)	TFR (2016)	TFR (2017)	TFR (2018)	TFR (2019)
Turkey	82,003,882			2.12	2.08	2.05	2.11	2.10	2.18	2.15	2.11	2.07	1.99	1.88
İstanbul	15,067,724			1.77	1.77	1.72	1.80	1.81	1.89	1.88	1.85	1.79	1.72	1.59
West Marmara	3,569,552			1.54	1.54	1.57	1.63	1.64	1.69	1.69	1.68	1.69	1.66	1.56
Tekirdağ	1,029,927		1.83	1.69	1.67	1.72	1.79	1.82	1.88	1.94	1.93	1.93	1.92	1.77
Edirne	411,528	2.41	1.66	1.43	1.39	1.45	1.51	1.49	1.46	1.54	1.48	1.46	1.43	1.34
Kırklareli	360,860		1.70	1.38	1.39	1.35	1.45	1.45	1.56	1.55	1.48	1.53	1.48	1.43
Balıkesir	1,226,575		1.95	1.53	1.56	1.58	1.62	1.65	1.71	1.65	1.67	1.66	1.63	1.54
Çanakkale	540,662		1.68	1.50	1.44	1.53	1.58	1.52	1.57	1.55	1.56	1.57	1.56	1.47
Aegean	10,514,200			1.69	1.66	1.66	1.74	1.73	1.80	1.80	1.76	1.74	1.67	1.57
İzmir	4,320,519		1.75	1.57	1.54	1.56	1.66	1.64	1.72	1.72	1.68	1.65	1.59	1.48
Aydın	1,097,746		2.12	1.74	1.71	1.69	1.82	1.79	1.84	1.85	1.82	1.87	1.78	1.67
Denizli	1,027,782		2.19	1.73	1.66	1.70	1.74	1.76	1.87	1.86	1.80	1.79	1.71	1.61
Muğla	967,487		1.94	1.71	1.70	1.67	1.76	1.73	1.76	1.77	1.73	1.69	1.64	1.54
Manisa	1,429,643		2.14	1.78	1.77	1.79	1.86	1.89	1.94	1.93	1.91	1.86	1.83	1.75
Afyonkarahisar	725,568	3.74	2.82	2.06	2.01	2.01	2.03	1.98	2.09	2.08	2.00	1.95	1.87	1.82
Kütahya	577,941		2.19	1.55	1.60	1.53	1.55	1.52	1.58	1.59	1.52	1.50	1.43	1.34
Uşak	367,514		2.18	1.64	1.67	1.64	1.74	1.76	1.79	1.74	1.68	1.69	1.59	1.50
East Marmara	7,968,135			1.77	1.74	1.71	1.80	1.80	1.88	1.89	1.89	1.86	1.83	1.71
Bursa	2,994,521		1.98	1.78	1.77	1.73	1.85	1.85	1.90	1.92	1.91	1.88	1.86	1.74
Eskişehir	871,187		1.74	1.40	1.38	1.38	1.46	1.48	1.57	1.56	1.54	1.54	1.49	1.40
Bilecik	223,448		1.98	1.71	1.67	1.63	1.75	1.77	1.78	1.72	1.74	1.70	1.69	1.62
Kocaeli	1,906,391	3.23	2.13	1.90	1.87	1.82	1.91	1.91	2.04	2.07	2.04	2.01	1.96	1.85
Sakarya	1,010,700		2,23	1.87	1.82	1.78	1.85	1.83	1.91	1.93	1.95	1.94	1.94	1.80
Düzce	387,844		2.18	1.87	1.83	1.82	1.81	1.87	1.90	1.86	1.90	1.83	1.77	1.71
Bolu	311,810		1.93	1.60	1.57	1.64	1.59	1.64	1.66	1.60	1.62	1.56	1.52	1.46
Yalova	262,234		1.93	1.78	1.64	1.62	1.72	1.69	1.81	1.78	1.88	1.82	1.75	1.65
West Anatolia	7,961,507			1.83	1.80	1.79	1.83	1.85	1.91	1.90	1.86	1.83	1.77	1.65
Ankara	5,503,985		1.90	1.68	1.66	1.65	1.68	1.71	1.77	1.77	1.73	1.71	1.65	1.53
Konya	2,205,609		3.00	2.14	2.12	2.13	2.18	2.18	2.25	2.20	2.18	2.11	2.06	1.93
Karaman	251,913		2.77	2.15	1.95	1.98	2.02	2.09	2.04	2.12	2.09	2.06	1.94	1.84
Mediterranean	10,461,409			2.20	2.18	2.14	2.23	2.24	2.32	2.28	2.24	2.16	2.07	1.94
Antalya	2,426,356		1.93	1.91	1.87	1.84	1.93	1.91	1.96	1.98	1.93	1.82	1.74	1.62
Isparta	441,412		2.04	1.76	1.66	1.66	1.72	1.70	1.75	1.72	1.72	1.76	1.62	1.54
Burdur	269,926		2.12	1.74	1.73	1.68	1.66	1.68	1.79	1.79	1.74	1.66	1.58	1.50
Adana	2,220,125		2.68	2.18	2.14	2.12	2.21	2.25	2.34	2.32	2.26	2.22	2.12	2.01
Mersin	1,814,468		2.38	2.03	2.04	2.00	2.12	2.11	2.20	2.17	2.14	2.07	2.02	1.86
Hatay	1,609,856		2.97	2.57	2.54	2.51	2.63	2.62	2.82	2.74	2.69	2.58	2.49	2.37
Kahramanmaraş	1,144,851		3.54	2.70	2.68	2.66	2.68	2.74	2.74	2.64	2.60	2.53	2.38	2.22
Osmaniye	534,415		2.95	2.55	2.57	2.40	2.51	2.51	2.59	2.50	2.43	2.39	2.26	2.21
Central Anatolia	4,064,957			2.16	2.08	2.06	2.07	2.06	2.13	2.08	2.03	1.96	1.87	1.78
Kırıkkale	286,602		2.39	1.77	1.70	1.60	1.59	1.65	1.69	1.72	1.69	1.68	1.59	1.53
Aksaray	412,172		2.85	2.42	2.35	2.34	2.30	2.29	2.35	2.30	2.21	2.14	2.10	1.97
Niğde	364,707		2.98	2.40	2.28	2.23	2.32	2.25	2.33	2.19	2.20	2.08	1.99	1.92
Nevşehir	298,339		2.55	2.10	1.98	1.97	1.98	1.94	2.10	1.98	1.93	1.85	1.78	1.66
Kırşehir	241,868		2.40	1.72	1.69	1.69	1.75	1.78	1.86	1.82	1.78	1.74	1.72	1.64
Kayseri	1,389,680		2.62	2.21	2.14	2.16	2.18	2.17	2.25	2.19	2.13	2.02	1.96	1.85
Sivas	646,608		2.76	2.07	2.02	1.99	1.99	1.94	1.99	1.98	1.95	1.92	1.77	1.71
Yozgat	424,981		2.84	2.25	2.07	2.04	2.03	1.97	2.06	2.06	1.98	1.92	1.78	1.71
West Black Sea	4,688,432			1.84	1.79	1.74	1.77	1.76	1.77	1.73	1.69	1.66	1.63	1.56
Zonguldak	599,698		1.93	1.71	1.65	1.58	1.62	1.59	1.60	1.56	1.50	1.48	1.43	1.38
Karabük	248,014		1.99	1.67	1.60	1.62	1.54	1.59	1.56	1.57	1.46	1.50	1.49	1.41
Bartın	198,999		2.11	1.68	1.67	1.61	1.50	1.57	1.69	1.58	1.54	1.45	1.47	1.42
Kastamonu	383,373	3.44	2.18	1.70	1.69	1.64	1.69	1.68	1.59	1.63	1.59	1.50	1.54	1.47
Çankırı	216,262		2.27	1.97	1.93	1.91	1.84	1.78	1.86	1.78	1.84	1.75	1.68	1.68
Sinop	219,733	4.35	2.48	1.91	1.81	1.77	1.84	1.75	1.79	1.72	1.70	1.70	1.61	1.60
Samsun	1,335,716		2.55	1.87	1.81	1.77	1.83	1.83	1.85	1.82	1.79	1.78	1.74	1.64
Tokat	612,646		3.06	1.95	1.92	1.83	1.79	1.82	1.82	1.74	1.70	1.66	1.63	1.60
Çorum	536,483		2.66	1.93	1.90	1.86	1.96	1.89	1.97	1.85	1.86	1.79	1.73	1.68
Amasya	337,508		2.34	1.80	1.75	1.71	1.75	1.78	1.75	1.80	1.70	1.71	1.66	1.60
East Black Sea	2,719,113			1.86	1.81	1.77	1.78	1.77	1.80	1.78	1.76	1.71	1.68	1.60
Trabzon	807,903		2.10	1.87	1.82	1.78	1.80	1.79	1.84	1.86	1.85	1.82	1.79	1.67
Ordu	771,932		2.81	1.94	1.89	1.84	1.86	1.85	1.89	1.83	1.83	1.80	1.71	1.66
Giresun	453,912		2.31	1.74	1.74	1.65	1.66	1.64	1.65	1.64	1.56	1.55	1.54	1.48
Rize	348,608		2.01	1.80	1.76	1.75	1.73	1.80	1.79	1.79	1.79	1.75	1.76	1.65
Artvin	174,010		2.24	1.73	1.72	1.67	1.78	1.73	1.78	1.74	1.77	1.72	1.64	1.60
Gümüşhane	162,748		2.92	2.09	1.88	1.89	1.84	1.84	1.84	1.72	1.60	1.37	1.32	1.33
Northeast Anatolia	2,211,054			2.91	2.97	2.90	2.90	2.85	2.90	2.79	2.71	2.62	2.43	2.35
Erzurum	767,848		3.51	2.51	2.49	2.50	2.50	2.49	2.60	2.51	2.45	2.40	2.24	2.15
Erzincan	236,034		2.54	1.82	1.82	1.91	1.88	1.89	1.82	1.82	1.89	1.72	1.63	1.64
Bayburt	82,274		3.29	2.38	2.31	2.16	2.30	2.13	2.18	2.09	1.95	1.82	1.83	1.70
Ağrı	539,657		5.49	4.22	4.38	4.13	4.11	4.00	4.03	3.83	3.71	3.60	3.26	3.16
Kars	288,878		3.76	2.90	3.05	2.88	2.92	2.74	2.75	2.64	2.58	2.53	2.34	2.24
Iğdır	197,456		4.17	3.06	3.16	3.12	3.10	3.21	3.19	3.05	2.97	2.80	2.68	2.55
Ardahan	98,907		2.95	2.35	2.25	2.25	2.21	2.11	2.24	2.17	2.00	2.05	1.91	1.87
Central East Anatolia	3,929,719			3.00	2.95	2.85	2.82	2.82	2.87	2.75	2.66	2.63	2.51	2.42
Malatya	797,036	3.66	2.56	2.08	2.06	1.99	1.99	1.96	2.05	2.01	1.98	1.99	1.90	1.80
Elazığ	595,638		2.52	2.02	1.98	1.98	1.97	1.93	2.03	1.98	1.95	1.94	1.85	1.78
Bingöl	281,205		3.56	2.56	2.55	2.52	2.49	2.49	2.62	2.42	2.43	2.37	2.36	2.26
Tunceli	88,198	4.87	1.90	1.56	1.47	1.50	1.53	1.55	1.62	1.68	1.57	1.56	1.63	1.69
Van	1,123,784		6.00	3.93	3.84	3.66	3.58	3.64	3.54	3.37	3.19	3.14	2.95	2.84
Muş	407,992		4.18	3.93	3.94	3.66	3.65	3.59	3.71	3.48	3.36	3.39	3.23	3.15
Bitlis	349,396	6.01	5.03	3.80	3.71	3.52	3.49	3.44	3.47	3.40	3.29	3.22	3.06	2.88
Hakkâri	286,470		6.69	3.35	3.18	3.14	2.99	3.01	3.02	2.76	2.59	2.56	2.40	2.32
Southeast Anatolia	8,847,980			3.59	3.57	3.48	3.53	3.48	3.62	3.51	3.37	3.34	3.21	3.01
Gaziantep	2,028,563		3.83	3.15	3.07	3.04	3.15	3.16	3.28	3.18	3.05	2.91	2.83	2.61
Adıyaman	624,513		3.66	2.76	2.79	2.77	2.79	2.75	2.90	2.87	2.77	2.78	2.68	2.55
Kilis	142,541		3.54	2.93	3.01	2.83	2.99	2.96	3.11	3.01	2.87	2.81	2.74	2.54
Şanlıurfa	2,035,809		4.83	4.57	4.58	4.46	4.47	4.41	4.57	4.41	4.34	4.29	4.13	3.89
Diyarbakır	1,732,396		4.51	3.23	3.24	3.19	3.23	3.16	3.30	3.22	3.13	3.12	2.96	2.78
Mardin	829,195		4.98	3.46	3.53	3.35	3.46	3.33	3.54	3.45	3.24	3.27	3.14	2.99
Batman	599,103		5.27	3.70	3.64	3.43	3.42	3.34	3.41	3.25	3.10	3.07	2.90	2.71
Şırnak	524,190		7.06	4.69	4.51	4.26	4.21	4.18	4.25	4.07	3.48	3.72	3.60	3.37
Siirt	331,670		6.05	4.23	4.12	3.96	3.85	3.70	3.89	3.56	3.47	3.32	3.16	2.92

Structure of the population

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (2015):[16][17][18]

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	39,511,191	39,229,862	78,741,053	100
0–4	3,275,520	3,105,996	6,381,516	8.10
5–9	3,252,811	3,084,908	6,337,719	8.05
10–14	3,166,860	3,000,125	6,166,985	7.83
15–19	3,382,363	3,203,137	6,585,500	8.36
20–24	3,224,168	3,089,999	6,314,167	8.02
25–29	3,178,350	3,084,899	6,263,249	7.95
30–34	3,252,171	3,175,879	6,428,150	8.16
35–39	3,134,041	3,069,282	6,203,323	7.88
40–44	2,788,425	2,764,155	5,552,580	7.05
45–49	2,337,087	2,252,992	4,590,079	5.83
50–54	2,317,534	2,315,375	4,632,909	5.88
55–59	1,843,354	1,837,816	3,681,170	4.68
60–64	1,515,065	1,593,402	3,108,467	3.95
65–69	1,100,734	1,255,651	2,356,385	2.99
70–74	737,892	888,292	1,626,184	2.07
75–79	501,411	682,335	1,183,746	1.50
80–84	339,904	470,584	810,488	1.03
85–89	128,879	261,571	390,450	0.50
90+	34,622	93,364	127,986	0.16

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9,695,191	9,191,029	18,886,220	23.99
15–64	26,972,558	26,387,036	53,359,594	67.77
65+	2,843,442	3,651,797	6,495,239	8.25

Structure of the population (2016):

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	40,043,650	39,771,221	79,814,871	100
0–4	3,314,542	3,144,753	6,459,295	8.09
5–9	3,253,345	3,084,099	6,337,444	7.94
10–14	3,147,133	2,981,910	6,129,043	7.68
15–19	3,400,443	3,222,876	6,623,319	8.30
20–24	3,247,764	3,117,959	6,365,723	7.98
25–29	3,169,360	3,076,681	6,246,041	7.83
30–34	3,196,645	3,113,766	6,310,411	7.91
35–39	3,275,175	3,219,158	6,494,333	8.14
40–44	2,833,655	2,800,662	5,634,317	7.06
45–49	2,412,875	2,335,639	4,748,514	5.95
50–54	2,381,640	2,374,604	4,756,244	5.96
55-59	1,855,171	1,860,565	3,715,736	4.66
60–64	1,636,510	1,706,438	3,342,948	4.19
65–69	1,132,464	1,280,073	2,412,537	3.02
70–74	763,121	917,371	1,680,492	2.11
75–79	512,607	689,443	1,202,050	1.51
80–84	336,206	473,119	809,325	1.01
85–89	136,238	265,520	401,758	0.50
90+	38,756	106,585	145,341	0.18

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9,715,020	9,210,762	18,925,782	23.71
15–64	27,409,238	26,828,348	54,237,586	67.95
65+	2,919,392	3,732,111	6,651,503	8.33

Structure of the population (2017):

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	40 535 135	40 275 390	80 810 525	100
0–4	3 326 591	3 155 258	6 481 849	8.02
5–9	3 254 177	3 086 592	6 340 769	7.85
10–14	3 188 333	3 022 537	6 210 870	7.69
15–19	3 351 043	3 175 544	6 526 587	8.08
20–24	3 294 336	3 162 174	6 456 510	7.99
25–29	3 163 889	3 067 653	6 231 542	7.71
30–34	3 189 075	3 107 849	6 296 924	7.79
35–39	3 308 413	3 252 283	6 560 696	8.12
40–44	2 891 799	2 849 020	5 740 819	7.10
45–49	2 556 364	2 498 790	5 055 154	6.26
50–54	2 349 139	2 326 316	4 675 455	5.79
55-59	1 977 328	1 989 399	3 966 727	4.91
60–64	1 651 215	1 720 023	3 371 238	4.17
65–69	1 188 986	1 322 918	2 511 904	3.11
70–74	784 614	952 653	1 737 267	2.15
75–79	533 757	715 428	1 249 185	1.55
80–84	330 240	471 436	801 676	0.99
85–89	152 317	282 516	434 833	0.54
90+	43 519	117 001	160 520	0.20

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 769 101	9 264 387	19 033 488	23.55
15–64	27 732 601	27 149 051	54 881 652	67.91
65+	3 033 433	3 861 952	6 895 385	8.53

Structure of the population (2018):

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	41 139 980	40 863 902	82 003 882	100
0–4	3 327 780	3 157 206	6 484 986	7.91%
5–9	3 264 608	3 094 412	6 358 920	7.75%
10–14	3 254 277	3 086 146	6 340 423	7.73%
15–19	3 299 449	3 124 818	6 424 267	7.83%
20–24	3 347 297	3 199 832	6 547 129	7.98%
25–29	3 190 023	3 086 446	6 276 469	7.65%
30–34	3 205 205	3 127 948	6 333 153	7.72%
35–39	3 316 603	3 259 469	6 576 072	8.02%
40–44	2 953 329	2 892 697	5 846 026	7.13%
45–49	2 670 183	2 640 524	5 310 707	6.48%
50–54	2 372 182	2 329 142	4 701 324	5.73%
55-59	2 076 882	2 095 459	4 172 341	5.09%
60–64	1 692 130	1 753 731	3 445 861	4.20%
65–69	1 245 979	1 366 228	2 612 207	3.19%
70–74	835 353	1 021 569	1 856 922	2.26%
75–79	539 825	722 725	1 262 550	1.54%
80–84	318 882	474 854	793 736	0.97%
85–89	182 957	302 957	485 914	0.59%
90+	47 136	127 739	174 875	0.21%

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 846 565	9 337 764	19 184 329	23.39%
15–64	28 123 283	27 510 066	55 633 349	67.84%
65+	3 170 132	4 016 072	7 186 204	8.76%

Structure of the population (2019):

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
Total	41 721 136	41 433 861	83 154 997	100
0-4	3 254 719	3 090 417	6 345 136	7.63%
5-9	3 316 621	3 144 418	6 461 039	7.77%
10-14	3 288 207	3 117 963	6 406 170	7.70%
15–19	3 254 891	3 076 703	6 331 594	7.61%
20–24	3 392 374	3 231 704	6 624 078	7.97%
25–29	3 240 657	3 126 654	6 367 311	7.66%
30–34	3 221 381	3 141 636	6 363 017	7.65%
35–39	3 324 759	3 260 084	6 584 843	7.92%
40–44	3 016 898	2 950 486	5 967 384	7.18%
45–49	2 772 838	2 760 721	5 533 559	6.65%
50–54	2 367 577	2 307 796	4 675 373	5.62%
55-59	2 178 454	2 211 543	4 389 997	5.28%
60–64	1 754 500	1 800 269	3 554 769	4.27%
65–69	1 301 371	1 421 301	2 722 672	3.27%
70–74	907 850	1 109 063	2 016 913	2.43%
75–79	560 695	747 604	1 308 299	1.57%
80–84	323 732	493 998	817 730	0.98%
85–89	192 938	304 472	497 410	0.60%
90+	50 674	137 029	187 703	0.23%

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	9 859 547	9 352 798	19 212 345	23.10%
15–64	28 524 329	27 867 596	56 391 925	67.82%
65+	3 337 260	4 213 467	7 550 727	9.08%

Immigration

Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and following Turkish War of Independence, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, Circassians, Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements — Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, the Moldova, Georgia, Iran, and Azerbaijan, but also from Central Asia. Turkey's migrant crisis during the 2010s saw high numbers of people arriving in Turkey, particularly those fleeing the Syrian civil war.

Internal migration

Place of origin (rows) versus place of residence (columns) for Turkish citizens in 2014[19]

Regions	İstanbul	West Marmara	Aegean	East Marmara	West Anatolia	Mediterranean	Central Anatolia	West Black Sea	East Black Sea	Northeast Anatolia	Central East Anatolia	Southeast Anatolia	Total Population
İstanbul	2,162,588	79,009	72,123	84,689	38,802	38,673	4,858	11,976	9,147	3,533	3,667	4,754	2,513,819
West Marmara	523,725	2,378,938	187,256	135,364	44,409	27,376	5,140	10,238	4,513	5,273	7,110	8,861	3,338,203
Aegean	297,143	76,518	7,047,801	210,522	134,073	166,785	16,606	22,252	10,354	14,936	20,388	28,224	8,045,602
East Marmara	520,698	67,299	131,586	4,317,877	187,043	61,782	10,715	33.371	10,701	8,074	9,775	12,286	5,371,207
West Anatolia	272,835	35,919	259,387	127,794	3,721,634	192,934	49,942	29,545	8,468	10,360	13,727	20,850	4,743,395
Mediterranean	470,673	53,295	250,529	111,393	228,398	7,329,964	100,729	32,461	16,963	21,667	46,013	181,874	8,843,959
Central Anatolia	1,346,007	92,421	297,114	235,407	1,223,857	305,343	3,466,971	70,729	16,604	20,204	32,153	36,818	7,143,628
West Black Sea	2,637,016	186,103	252,628	458,730	956,151	133,053	54,578	3,982,185	42,935	18,878	21,757	27,735	8,771,749
East Black Sea	1,918,805	96,494	152,843	529,110	241,801	70,823	19,104	198,869	2,382,704	33,854	11,852	13,140	5,669,399
Northeast Anatolia	1,580,876	120,086	504,588	593,882	344,929	101,600	63,029	34,656	32,761	2,009,253	39,921	20,576	5,446,157
Central East Anatolia	1,293,157	86,315	359,161	299,390	167,451	393,102	31,612	22,064	11,070	31,709	3,438,577	133,862	6,267,470
Southeast Anatolia	1,197,959	65,538	445,279	174,765	156,489	1,002,771	33,876	23,666	11,689	22,036	150,028	7,738,941	11,023,037
Total Population	14,221,482	3,337,935	9,960,295	7,278,923	7,445,037	9,824,206	3,857,160	4,472,012	2,557,909	2,199,777	3,794,968	8,227,921	77,177,625

Ethnic groups and languages

Ethnolinguistic map (estimates)

No exact data is available concerning the different ethnic groups in Turkey. The last census data according to language date from 1965 and major changes may have occurred since then. However, it is clear that the Turkish are in the majority, while the largest minority groups are Kurds and Arabs. Smaller minorities are the Armenians, Greeks and others. All ethnic groups are discussed below.

Population of Turkey according to language

Language	Census 1935[20]		Census 1945[21]		Census 1965[21]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Turkish	13,828,000	87.5	16,598,037	88.3	28,175,579	90.2
Kurdish	1,473,000	9.3	1,476,562	7.9	2,108,721	6.9
Zazaki					147,707	0.5
Arabic	145,000	0.9	247,204	1.3	368.971	1.2
Greek	109,000	0.7	88,680	0.5	49.143	0.2
Circassian	92,000	0.6	66,691	0.4	57,337	0.2
Ladino	79,000	0.5	51,019	0.3	9,124	0.0
Armenian	77,000	0.5	56,179	0.3	32,484	0.1
Laz			46,987	0.3	27,715	0.1
Georgian			40,076	0.2	32,334	0.1
Abaza			8,602	0.0	10,643	0.0
others			110,137	0.6	157,449	0.5
Total	15,803,000		18,790,174		31,391,207

Muslim and non-Muslim population in Turkey, 1914–2005 (in thousands)[22]

Year	1914	1927	1945	1965	1990	2005
Muslims	12,941	13,290	18,511	31,139	56,860	71,997
Greeks	1,549	110	104	76	8	3
Armenians	1,204	77	60	64	67	50
Jews	128	82	77	38	29	27
Others	176	71	38	74	50	45
Total	15,997	13,630	18,790	31,391	57,005	72,120
% non-Muslim	29.6	2.5	1.5	0.8	0.3	0.2

The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, at times, especially in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their ethnicity.[23] The question of ethnicity in modern Turkey is a highly debated and difficult issue. Figures published in several different sources prove this difficulty by varying greatly.

It is necessary to take into account all these difficulties and be cautious while evaluating the ethnic groups. A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows:[24]

1. Turkic-speaking peoples: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Karachays, Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars and Uyghurs
2. Indo-European-speaking peoples: Kurds, Zazas,[25] Megleno-Romanians,[26] Bosniaks, Albanians, Pomaks, Ossetians, Armenians, Hamshenis, Goranis and Greeks
3. Semitic-speaking peoples: Arabs, Jews and Assyrians/Syriacs
4. Caucasian-speaking peoples: Circassians, Georgians, Lazs and Chechens

According to the 2016 edition of the CIA World Factbook, 70-75% of Turkey's population consists of ethnic Turks, with Kurds accounting for 19% and other minorities between 7 and 12%.[27] According to Milliyet, a 2008 report prepared for the National Security Council of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia suggested that there are approximately 55 million ethnic Turks, 9.6 million Kurds, 3 million Zazas, 2.5 million Circassians, 2 million Bosniaks, 500,000-1.3 million Albanians, 1,000,000 Georgians, 870,000 Arabs, 600,000 Pomaks, 80,000 Laz, 60,000 Armenians, 30,000 British, 25,000 Assyrians/Syriacs, 20,000 Jews, and 15,000 Greeks, 500 Yazidis living in Turkey.[28]

Since the immigration to the big cities in the west of Turkey, interethnic marriage has become more common. A recent study estimates that there are 2,708,000 marriages between Turks and Kurds.[29]

Ethnolinguistic estimates in 2014 by Ethnologue and Jacques Leclerc:[30][31]

People	Speakers	Percentage	Language	Status
Anatolian Turks	53,402,000	70.6%	Turkish	1 (National)
Kurmanji Kurds	8,127,000	10.7%	Kurmanji	3 (Wider communication)
Turcophones Kurds	5,881,000	7.7%	Turkish	1 (National)
Zaza	1,155,000	1.5%	Zaza	5 (Developing)
Lebanese Arabs	1,133,000	1.4 %	Levantine Arabic
Kabardians Circassians	1,062,000	1.4 %	Kabardian	5 (Developing)
Iraqi Arabs	722,000	0.9%	Mesopotamian Arabic	6a (Vigorous)
Persians	618,000	0.8%	Farsi
Azerbaijani	540,000	0.7%	Azerbaijani	5 (Developing)
Romani	500,000 (1985)	0.7%	Romani, Domari
Gagauzes	418,000	0.5%	Balkan Gagauz Turkish	7 (Shifting)
Pomaks	351,000	0.4%	Bulgarian	5 (Dispersed)
Pontic Greeks	321,000	0.4 %	Pontic Greek	6a (Vigorous)
Adyghe Circassians	316,000	0.4%	Adyghe	5 (Developing)
Alevi Kurds	184,000	0.2 %	Zazaki
Georgians	151,000	0,1 %	Georgian	6b (Threatened)
Bosniaks	101,000	0.1%	Bosnian
Chechens	101,000	0.1%	Chechen
Crimean Tatars	100,000	0.1%	Crimean Tatar	5 (Developing)
Lazs	93,000	0.1%	Laz language	6b (Threatened)
Karakalpaks	74,000		Karakalpak
Albanians	66,000		Tosk Albanian	6b (Threatened)
Armenians	61,000		Armenian	6b (Threatened)
Abkhazians	44,000		Abkhazian	6b (Threatened)
Han Chinese	38,000		Chinese
Ossetians	37,000		Ossetian
British	35,000		English
Macedonians	32,000		Macedonian
Jews	30,000		Turkish, Ladino	7 (Shifting)
Tatars	26,000		Tatar
Assyrians	25,000		Aramean
	22,000		Urdu
Assyrians	15,000		Turoyo	6b (Threatened)
Turks other (Hemshin, Meskhetian Turks, Gajal)	57,000		Turkish
Kurds other (Herki and Shikaki)	62,000		Kurdish
Other	180,000
Total	75,566,800

Scale of Ethnologue:

a^ Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) of Ethnologue:
0 (International): "The language is widely used between nations in trade, knowledge exchange, and international policy."
1 (National): "The language is used in education, work, mass media, and government at the national level."
2 (Provincial): "The language is used in education, work, mass media, and government within major administrative subdivisions of a nation."
3 (Wider Communication): "The language is used in work and mass media without official status to transcend language differences across a region."
4 (Educational): "The language is in vigorous use, with standardization and literature being sustained through a widespread system of institutionally supported education."
5 (Developing): "The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable."
6a (Vigorous): "The language is used for face-to-face communication by all generations and the situation is sustainable."
6b (Threatened): "The language is used for face-to-face communication within all generations, but it is losing users."
7 (Shifting): "The child-bearing generation can use the language among themselves, but it is not being transmitted to children."
8a (Moribund): "The only remaining active users of the language are members of the grandparent generation and older."
8b (Nearly Extinct): "The only remaining users of the language are members of the grandparent generation or older who have little opportunity to use the language."
9 (Dormant): "The language serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community, but no one has more than symbolic proficiency."
10 (Extinct): "The language is no longer used and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language."

Turks

Turkish women and a school boy from Istanbul, 1873.

Although numerous modern genetic studies have indicated that the present-day Turkish population is primarily descended from historical Anatolian groups,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] the first Turkic-speaking people lived in a region extending from Central Asia to Siberia and were palpable after the 6th century BC.[39] Seventh-century Chinese sources preserve the origins of the Turks stating that they were a branch of the Hsiung-nu (Huns) and living near the "West Sea", perhaps the Caspian Sea.[40] Modern sources tends to indicate that the Turks' ancestors lived within the state of the Hsiung-nu in the Transbaikal area and that they later, during the fifth century, migrated to the southern Altay.[40]

The word Türk was used only referring to Anatolian villagers back in the 19th century. The Ottoman elite identified themselves as Ottomans, not usually as Turks.[41][42] In the late 19th century, as European ideas of nationalism were adopted by the Ottoman elite, and as it became clear that the Turkish-speakers of Anatolia were the most loyal supporters of Ottoman rule, the term Türk took on a much more positive connotation.[43] During Ottoman times, the millet system defined communities on a religious basis, and a residue of this remains in that Turkish villagers will commonly consider as Turks only those who profess the Sunni faith, and will consider Turkish-speaking Jews, Christians, or even Alevis to be non-Turks.[44] On the other hand, Kurdish-speaking or Arabic-speaking Sunnis of eastern Anatolia are sometimes considered to be Turks.[45] The imprecision of the appellation Türk can also be seen with other ethnic names, such as Kürt (Kurd), which is often applied by western Anatolians to anyone east of Adana, even those who speak only Turkish.[44] Thus, the category Türk, like other ethnic categories popularly used in Turkey, does not have a uniform usage. In recent years, centrist Turkish politicians have attempted to redefine this category in a more multi-cultural way, emphasizing that a Türk is anyone who is a citizen of the Republic of Turkey.[46] Currently, article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as anyone who is "bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship".

Ethnic Turks are the majority in Turkey, numbering 55.5 to 60 million.[47][48][49][50]

Kurds

Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region[51] Dark Red (Central Eastern Anatolia): 79.1% Red (Southeastern Anatolia): 64.1% Light Red (Northeast Anatolia): 32.0% Pink: 14.8 - 4.9% White: 1.3 - 0.1%

The Kurdish identity remains the strongest of the many minorities in modern Turkey. This is perhaps due to the mountainous terrain of the southeast of the country, where they predominate and represent a majority. They inhabit all major towns and cities across Turkey. However, no accurate up-to-date figures are available for the Kurdish population, since the Turkish government has outlawed ethnic or racial censuses. An estimate by the CIA World Factbook places their proportion of the population at approximately 19%.[52] Another estimate, according to Ibrahim Sirkeci, in his book The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany, based on the 1990 Turkish Census and 1993 Turkish Demographic Health Survey, is 17.8%.[53] Other estimates include 15.7% of the population according to the newspaper Milliyet,[28] and 23% by Kurdologist David McDowall.[54]

The Minority Rights Group report of 1985 (by Martin Short and Anthony McDermott) gave an estimate of 15% Kurds in the population of Turkey in 1980, i.e. 8,455,000 out of 44,500,000, with the preceding comment "Nothing, apart from the actual 'borders' of Kurdistan, generates as much heat in the Kurdish question as the estimate of the Kurdish population. Kurdish nationalists are tempted to exaggerate it, and governments of the region to understate it. In Turkey only those Kurds who do not speak Turkish are officially counted for census purposes as Kurds, yielding a very low figure." In Turkey: A Country Study, a 1995 online publication of the U.S. Library of Congress, there is a whole chapter about Kurds in Turkey where it is stated that "Turkey's censuses do not list Kurds as a separate ethnic group. Consequently, there are no reliable data on their total numbers. In 1995 estimates of the number of Kurds in Turkey is about 8.5 million" out of 61.2 million, or 13% of the population at that time.[55] Turkish government statistics show that Kurdish women in Turkey give birth to about four children, more than double the rate for the rest of the Turkish population.[56][57][58] Prime Minister Erdogan stated that Kurds could become a majority by 2038.[56] In some Kurdish dominated provinces women give birth to 7.1 children on average. Even though many Kurds have been migrating to cities in Western Turkey or Western Europe, cities in south-east Turkey are still growing at a faster rate than others.[59] Women in Kurdish dominated provinces of eastern Turkey also have an illiteracy rate about three times higher than men, a factor which correlates with higher birth rates. In Şırnak 66 percent of 15-year-old girls could not read or write.[59]

Kurdish national identity is far from being limited to the Kurmanji-language community, as many Kurds whose parents migrated towards Istanbul or other large non-Kurdish cities mostly speak Turkish, which is one of the languages used by the Kurdish nationalist publications.

Arabs

The population of Arabs in Turkey varies according to different sources. Al Jazeera and the Washington Institute for Near East Policy estimates the Arab population before the Syrian Civil War in 2011 from 1,500,000[60] to more than 2,000,000,[61] with recent Syrian refugees 2,748,367,[62][63] so Arabs in Turkey constituency now numbers anywhere from 4.5 to 5.1% of the population. Put another way, with nearly 4-5 million Arab inhabitants.[64][61]

Bosniaks

Georgians

There are approximately 1 million people of Georgian ancestry in Turkey, according to the newspaper Milliyet.[28]

Roma people

A Gypsy camp near Istanbul (1901)

The Roma in Turkey descend from the times of the Byzantine Empire. According to some reports, there are about 500,000-700,000 Roma in Turkey.[28][65][66][67] The neighborhood of Sulukule, located in Western Istanbul, is the oldest Roma settlement in Europe. [68]

Iranians

Shireen Hunter noted in a 2010 publication that there were some 500,000 Iranians in Turkey.[69]

Laz

Most Laz today live in Turkey, but the Laz minority group has no official status in Turkey. Their number today is estimated to be around 250,000[70][71][72] and 500,000.[73][74] Only a minority are bilingual in Turkish and their native Laz language which belongs to the South Caucasian group. The number of the Laz speakers is decreasing and is now limited chiefly to the Rize and Artvin areas. The historical term Lazistan — formerly referring to a narrow tract of land along the Black Sea inhabited by the Laz as well as by several other ethnic groups — has been banned from official use and replaced with Doğu Karadeniz (which includes Trabzon). During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, the Muslim population of Russia near the war zones was subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in Batum fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of Samsun.

Azerbaijanis

It is difficult to determine how many ethnic Azeris currently reside in Turkey, as ethnicity is a rather fluid concept in Turkey, especially amongst Turkic-speaking and Caucasian groups who have been more readily and easily assimilated into mainstream Turkish culture.[75] Up to 300,000 of Azeris who reside in Turkey are citizens of Azerbaijan.[76] In the Eastern Anatolia Region, Azeris are sometimes referred to as acem (see Ajam) or tat.[77] They currently are the largest ethnic group in the city of Iğdır[78] and second largest ethnic group in Kars.[79]

Since linguistically the two are so similar, the safest way to count or estimate the number of Azeris from the Turks in Turkey is to note the fact that Azeris are practically all Shia Muslims while their Turkish and Kurdish neighbors are Sunni Muslims.

Zazas

Zazas[80][81] are a people in eastern Anatolia who natively speak the Zaza language. Their heartland, the Dersim region, consists of Tunceli, Bingöl provinces and parts of Elazığ, Erzincan and Diyarbakır provinces. The exact number of Zazas is unknown, due to the absence of recent and extensive census data. The most recent official statistics concerning native language are available for the year 1965, where 147,707 (0.5%) chose Zaza as their native language in Turkey.[21]

Circassians

Towards the end of the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), many Circassians fled their homelands in the North Caucasus and settled in the Ottoman Empire. Most ethnic Circassians have fully assimilated into Turkish culture, making it difficult to trace, count, or even estimate their ethnic presence.

Armenians

Armenians in Turkey are indigenous to Anatolia & Armenian highlands well over 3000 years, an estimated population of 40,000 (1995) to 70,000.[82][83] Most are concentrated around Istanbul. The Armenians support their own newspapers and schools. The majority belong to the Armenian Apostolic faith, with smaller numbers of Armenian Catholics and Armenian Evangelicals. Their original population during the dying days of the Ottoman Empire was counted to be 1.2-1.8 million, from 1915 to the early 1920s it is believed that many of them perished during the Armenian Genocide and forced relocations into Syria and Lebanon.

Albanians

Assyrians/Syriacs

An estimated 40,000-50,000 Assyrians/Syriacs live in Turkey, with about 17,000 in Istanbul and the other 23–33,000 scattered in southeast Turkey primarily in Turabdin, Diyarbakir, Adiyaman, and Harput respectively. They belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church, Syriac Catholic Church, and Chaldean Catholic Church. Some Mhallami, a Muslim ethnic group who usually are described as Arabs, have Assyrian/Syriac ancestry. They live in the area between Mardin and Midyat, called in Syriac "I Mhalmayto" (ܗܝ ܡܚܠܡܝܬܐ).

Chechens

Towards the end of the Caucasian War (1817–1864), many Chechens fled their homelands in the North Caucasus and settled in the Ottoman Empire. Chechens number from tens or hundreds of thousands.

Greeks

The Greeks constitute a population of Greek and Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul, including its district Princes' Islands, as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the Dardanelles: Imbros and Tenedos (Turkish: Gökçeada and Bozcaada), and historically also in western Asia Minor (centred on Izmir/Smyrni), the Pontic Alps (centred on Trebzon and Sumelia, see Pontic Greeks), and central Anatolia (Cappadocia) and northeastern Anatolia and the South Caucasus region (Erzinjan, Erzerum, Kars, and Ardahan, see Caucasus Greeks). The Istanbul Greeks are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks permitted under the provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) to remain in Turkey following the 1923 population exchange, which involved the forcible resettlement of approximately 1.5 million Greeks from Anatolia and East Thrace and of half a million Turks from all of Greece except for Western Thrace. After years of persecution (e.g. the Varlık Vergisi (1942–1944) and the Istanbul Pogrom of 1955), emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the 120,000[84]-strong Greek minority to about 7,000 by 1978.[85] The 2008 figures released by the Turkish Foreign Ministry places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 2,000–3,000 mark.[86] According to Milliyet there are 15,000 Greeks in Turkey,[28] while according to Human Rights Watch the Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006.[87]

Megleno-Romanians

Around 5,000 Megleno-Romanians live in Turkey.[26]

Religion

There are no official statistics of people's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census. According to the government, 99.8% of the Turkish population is Muslim, mostly Sunni, some 10 to 15 million are Alevis.[88] The remaining 0.2% is other - mostly Christians and Jews.[52] However, these are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national id card, that is automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Religious records can be changed or even blanked on the request of citizen, by filing an e-government application since May 2020, using a valid electronic signature to sign the electronic application. Any change in religion records additionally results in a new ID card being issued. Any change in religion record also leaves a permanent trail in the census record, however, record of change of religion is not accessible except for the citizen in question, next-of-kins of the citizen in question, the citizenship administration and courts.[89]

In a poll conducted by Sabancı University in 2006, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim.[90] A Eurobarometer Poll in 2005 reported that in a poll 98% of Turkish citizens answered that "they believe there is a God", while 1% responded that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[91] In a Pew Research Center survey, 53% of Turkey's Muslims said that "religion is very important in their lives".[92] Based on the Gallup Poll 2006–08, Turkey was defined as More religious, in which over 63 percent of people believe religion is important.[93][94] According to the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, 62% of women wear the headscarf or hijab in Turkey.[95][96][97]

A poll conducted by Eurobarometer and KONDA and some other research institutes in 2013 showed that around 0.5% of the population had no religion. Another poll conducted by the same institutions in 2018 showed that 3% of those interviewed had no religion.[98][99]

According to Ipsos survey,[100] in 2016 Islam was the major religion in Turkey comprising 82% of the total population, followed by religiously unaffiliated people, comprising 13% of the population, and Christians, forming 0.2%.

Religious groups according to estimates:[88][101]

The vast majority of the present-day Turkish people are Muslim and the most popular sect is the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam, which was officially espoused by the Ottoman Empire; according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey carried out throughout Turkey on 2007:[102]

• 52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
• 34.3 % defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
• 9.7% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
• 2.3% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
• 0.9% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

In 2018 KONDA released a new study :[103][104]

• 51% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
• 34% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
• 10% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
• 2% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
• 3% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old :[105]

• 43% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
• 45% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
• 5% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
• 4% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
• 4% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Census

Istanbul experienced a rapid population growth (The gray areas are buildings)

Census of 1927

Provinces, 1927 census.[106]

Province	Population
İstanbul	794,444
İzmir	526,065
Konya	504,384
Balıkesir	421,066
Şebinkarahisar	108,735
Cebelibereket	107,694
Siirt	102,433
Total	13,648,270

1965 census

Languages spoken in Turkey, 1965 census[107]

Language	Mother tongue	Only language spoken	Second best language spoken
Abaza	4,563	280	7,556
Albanian	12,832	1,075	39,613
Arabic	365,340	189,134	167,924
Armenian	33,094	1,022	22,260
Bosnian	17,627	2,345	34,892
Bulgarian	4,088	350	46,742
Pomak	23,138	2,776	34,234
Chechen	7,563	2,500	5,063
Circassian	58,339	6,409	48,621
Croatian	45	1	1,585
Czech	168	25	76
Dutch	366	23	219
English	27,841	21,766	139,867
French	3,302	398	96,879
Georgian	34,330	4,042	44,934
German	4,901	790	35,704
Greek	48,096	3,203	78,941
Italian	2,926	267	3,861
Kurdish (Kurmanji)	2,219,502	1,323,690	429,168
Judæo-Spanish	9,981	283	3,510
Laz	26,007	3,943	55,158
Persian	948	72	2,103
Polish	110	20	377
Portuguese	52	5	3,233
Romanian	406	53	6,909
Russian	1,088	284	4,530
Serbian	6,599	776	58,802
Spanish	2,791	138	4,297
Turkish	28,289,680	26,925,649	1,387,139
Zaza	150,644	92,288	20,413
Total	31,009,934	28,583,607	2,786,610

Languages spoken in Turkey by provinces, 1965 census[108]

Province / Language	Turkish	Kurdish	Arabic	Zazaki	Circassian	Greek	Georgian	Armenian	Laz	Pomak	Bosnian	Albanian	Jewish
Adana[lower-alpha 2]	866,316	7,581	22,356	332	51	51	0	28	9	0	312	483	29
Adıyaman	143,054	117,325	7	6,705	0	0	0	84	4	0	0	0	0
Afyonkarahisar	499,461	125	19	1	2,172	169	2	2	1	16	14	2	1
Ağrı	90,021	156,316	105	4	2	2	77	5	0	1	103	0	0
Amasya	279,978	2,179	9	2	1,497	6	1,378	208	6	0	10	336	1
Ankara[lower-alpha 3]	1,590,392	36,798	814	21	393	124	41	66	120	7	126	833	64
Antalya	486,697	23	2	0	0	14	0	0	2	0	0	1	0
Artvin	190,183	46	4	0	0	4	7,698	1	12,093	1	1	0	0
Aydın	523,583	168	85	0	112	71	4	1	4	0	26	88	0
Balıkesir	698,679	560	38	8	3,144	236	1,273	9	205	1,707	314	24	4
Bilecik	137,674	5	4	0	736	4	73	1	1	2	6	3	0
Bingöl	62,668	56,881	19	30,878	17	0	1	11	1	0	0	0	3
Bitlis	56,161	92,327	3,263	2,082	205	1	5	16	0	0	0	1	2
Bolu[lower-alpha 4]	375,786	363	0	0	1,593	3	1,541	488	1,791	0	40	6	1
Burdur	194,910	2	7	0	0	3	12	0	0	0	0	1	0
Bursa	746,633	213	22	0	799	106	2,938	35	517	65	1,169	1,928	69
Çanakkale	338,379	443	0	25	1,604	5,258	4	9	12	3,675	516	6	121
Çankırı[lower-alpha 5]	250,510	158	1	0	0	1	0	3	2	0	0	0	0
Çorum	474,638	8,736	4	0	1,808	12	8	51	3	7	0	0	0
Denizli	462,860	283	28	5	8	97	1	1	0	2	1	3	0
Diyarbakır	178,644	236,113	2,536	57,693	1	1	3	134	3	48	1	5	0
Edirne	290,610	386	104	21	9	18	2	12	3	10,285	329	58	92
Elazığ	244,016	47,446	17	30,921	0	2	0	2	30	12	3	2	0
Erzincan	243,911	14,323	13	298	4	5	0	12	2	3	0	1	0
Erzurum	555,632	69,648	86	2,185	109	8	4	11	24	7	1	5	1
Eskişehir	406,212	327	42	0	1,390	4	3	0	14	23	114	78	0
Gaziantep	490,046	18,954	885	1	4	6	0	4	3	0	1	11	0
Giresun	425,665	305	1	1	2	0	2,029	0	5	0	0	0	0
Gümüşhane[lower-alpha 6]	260,419	2,189	0	0	91	0	0	0	17	0	0	0	0
Hakkari[lower-alpha 7]	10,357	72,365	165	0	1	0	1	21	2	0	0	0	0
Hatay	350,080	5,695	127,072	7	780	767	11	376	6	2	8	44	1
Isparta	265,305	688	75	11	8	91	0	1	2	1	1	3	4
Mersin	500,207	1,067	9,430	23	76	137	13	12	19	3	3	9	1
İstanbul	2,185,741	2,586	2,843	26	317	35,097	849	29,479	128	165	3,072	4,341	8,608
İzmir	1,214,219	863	352	5	1,287	898	15	17	15	1,289	2,349	1,265	753
Kars[lower-alpha 8]	471,287	133,144	61	992	215	6	8	5	24	1	5	4	1
Kastamonu[lower-alpha 9]	439,355	1,090	2	0	3	2	180	849	1	0	0	0	0
Kayseri	509,932	8,454	34	8	17,110	1	1	9	6	9	15	160	1
Kırklareli	252,594	602	136	24	5	3	5	3	7	3,375	1,148	144	11
Kırşehir	185,489	11,309	4	0	2	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0
Kocaeli	320,808	235	0	10	1,467	63	2,755	46	2,264	381	3,827	22	7
Konya[lower-alpha 10]	1,092,819	27,811	67	4	1,139	3	7	1	5	1	11	75	0
Kütahya	397,221	105	13	2	17	4	2	88	9	0	0	34	0
Malatya	374,449	77,794	33	10	14	5	7	148	5	4	0	3	0
Manisa	746,514	241	15	0	488	42	67	2	6	54	116	192	3
Kahramanmaraş	386,010	46,548	21	0	4,185	0	0	13	3	0	0	9	0
Mardin[lower-alpha 11]	35,494	265,328	79,687	60	75	11	15	11	0	0	1	6	0
Muğla	334,883	6	4	1	0	28	0	0	0	1	0	0	4
Muş	110,555	83,020	3,575	507	898	0	1	3	103	0	0	0	0
Nevşehir	203,156	22	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	22	0
Niğde[lower-alpha 12]	353,146	8,991	10	0	227	5	0	12	4	0	15	4	0
Ordu	538,978	12	0	0	5	0	4,815	34	0	1	0	1	0
Rize	275,291	11	1	1	0	9	4	0	5,754	1	0	1	0
Sakarya	388,481	2,163	32	3	538	6	4,535	2	2,671	23	2,899	794	1
Samsun	747,115	1,366	3	0	3,401	91	2,350	5	51	319	10	610	0
Siirt[lower-alpha 13]	46,722	179,023	38,273	484	1	0	15	98	3	0	10	0	0
Sinop	261,341	2,126	0	0	659	1	1,144	228	3	5	0	7	3
Sivas	649,099	32,284	19	23	2,086	0	0	217	1	0	515	0	0
Tekirdağ	284,222	548	76	18	5	19	52	8	2	1,627	6	51	102
Tokat	483,948	3,974	7	3	5,934	0	367	45	2	0	0	964	0
Trabzon	590,799	72	12	0	0	4,535	1	11	0	0	0	0	0
Tunceli	120,553	33,431	20	2,370	28	0	0	4	0	18	10	8	0
Şanlıurfa	207,652	175,100	51,090	14,554	3	0	5	2	4	0	2	0	0
Uşak	190,506	16	2	0	1	0	0	4	1	0	0	0	0
Van	118,481	147,694	557	3	1	2	1	1	8	0	1	1	66
Yozgat	433,385	2,424	1	0	1,597	2	0	118	0	0	14	1	0
Zonguldak[lower-alpha 14]	649,757	43	26	0	5	17	2	3	15	0	1	1	1

  Provinces with Turkish speakers in majority   Provinces with Turkish speakers in plurality   Provinces with Kurdish speakers in plurality   Provinces with Kurdish speakers in majority

• 
  Turkish- and Kurdish-speaking pluralities
• 
  Turkish-speaking population
• 
  Kurdish-speaking population
• 
  Arabic-speaking population
• 
  Zaza-speaking population
• 
  Circassian-speaking population
• 
  Greek-speaking population
• 
  Armenian-speaking population
• 
  Georgian-speaking population
• 
  Laz-speaking population
• 
  Pomak-speaking population
• 
  Bosnian-speaking population
• 
  Albanian-speaking population
• 
  "Jewish"-speaking population

Minorities

Modern Turkey was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as secular (Laiklik, Turkish adaptation of French Laïcité), i.e. without a state religion, or separate ethnic divisions/ identities. The concept of "minorities" has only been accepted by the Republic of Turkey as defined by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) and thence strictly limited to Greeks, Jews and Armenians, only on religious matters, excluding from the scope of the concept the ethnic identities of these minorities as of others such as the Kurds who make up 15% of the country; others include Assyrians/Syriacs of various Christian denominations, Alevis and all the others.

There are many reports from sources such as (Human Rights Watch, European Parliament, European Commission, national parliaments in EU member states, Amnesty International etc.) on persistent yet declining discrimination.

Certain current trends are:

• Turkish imams get salaries from the state, whereas Turkish Alevi as well as non-Orthodox and non-Armenian clerics are not paid
• Imams can be trained freely at the numerous religious schools and theology departments of universities throughout the country; minority religions can not re-open schools for training of their local clerics due to legislation and international treaties dating back to the end of Turkish War of Independence. The closing of the Theological School of Halki is a sore bone of contention between Turkey and the Eastern Orthodox world;
• The Turkish state sends out paid imams, working under authority from the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) to various European or Asian countries with Turkish- or Turkic-speaking populations, with as local heads officials from the Turkish consulates;
• Turkey has recently engaged in promulgating a series of legal enactments aiming at removal of the procedural hurdles before the use of several local languages spoken by Turkish citizens such as Kurdish (Kurmanji), Arabic and Zaza as medium of public communication, together with several other smaller ethnic group languages. A few private Kurdish teaching centers have recently been allowed to open. Kurdish-language TV broadcasts on 7/24 basis at the public frequency denominated in the government-owned TRT 6, while the private national channels show no interest yet. However, there are already several satellite Kurdish TV stations operating from Kurdish Autonomous Region at Northern Iraq and Western Europe, broadcasting in Kurdish, Turkish and Neo-Aramaic languages, Kurdistan TV, KurdSAT, etc.;
• Non-Muslim minority numbers are said to be falling rapidly, mainly as a result of aging, migration (to Israel, Greece, the United States and Western Europe).
• There is concern over the future of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which suffers from a lack of trained clergy due to the closure of the Halki school. The state does not recognise the Ecumenical status of the Patriarch of Constantinople.

According to figures released by the Foreign Ministry in December 2008, there are 89,000 Turkish citizens designated as belonging to a minority, two thirds of Armenian descent.[109]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook:[52]

Age structure
0–14 years: 24.26% (male 10,085,558/female 9,627,967)
15–24 years: 15.88% (male 6,589,039/female 6,311,113)
25–54 years: 43.26% (male 17,798,864/female 17,349,228)
55–64 years: 8.82% (male 3,557,329/female 3,606,120)
65 years and over: 7.79% (male 2,825,738/female 3,506,283) (2018 est.)

Median age
total population: 32.4 years
male: 31.7 years
female: 33.1 years (2019 est.)[110]

Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
total population: 78.3 years
male: 75.6 years
female: 81.0 years (2019 est.)[111]

Urbanization
urban population: 75.1% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 2.04% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Nationality
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish

Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.2%
male: 98.8%
female: 93.6% (2016 est.)

See also

• Census in Turkey
• Minorities in Turkey

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Notes

1. All data taken from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Data is for xxxx-12-31.
2. Including Osmaniye
3. Including Kırıkkale
4. Including parts of Düzce
5. Including parts of Karabük
6. Including Bayburt
7. Including parts of Şırnak
8. Including Ardahan and Iğdır
9. Including parts of Düzce
10. Including Karaman
11. Including parts of Batman and parts of Şırnak
12. Including Aksaray
13. Including parts of Batman and parts of Şırnak
14. Including Bartın and parts of Karabük

External links

• Build Turkey population graph: from 1960 till now (World Bank data)
• Build Turkey population projection graph till 2100 (United Nation data)
• Build Turkey life expectancy at birth graph: from 1950 till now (United Nation data)