Fraser Island

Fraser Island is a heritage-listed island located along the southeastern coast in the Wide Bay–Burnett region, Queensland, Australia.[2][3] It is approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) north of the state capital, Brisbane,[4] and is a locality within the Fraser Coast Region local government area.[5] In the 2016 census, the island had a population of 182 people.[1]

This article is about the island in Australia. For the island in Canada's Nunavut Territory, see Fraser Island (Nunavut).

Fraser Island
Native name:
K'gari
View north from Indian Head, 2016
Geography
LocationAustralia
Coordinates25°13′S 153°08′E
Highest elevation244 m (801 ft)
Administration
StateQueensland
LGAFraser Coast Region
Largest settlementEurong
CriteriaNatural: vii, viii, ix
Reference630
Inscription1992 (16th session)
Fraser Island
Queensland
Population182 (2016 census)[1]
 • Density0.10997/km2 (0.2848/sq mi)
Postcode(s)4581
Area1,655.0 km2 (639.0 sq mi)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)
LGA(s)Fraser Coast Region
State electorate(s)
Federal Division(s)Wide Bay
Suburbs around Fraser Island:
Unnamed Locality Coral Sea
Great Sandy Strait Fraser Island
Great Sandy Strait Eurong

Together with some satellite islands off the southern west coast and thus in the Great Sandy Strait, Fraser Island forms the County of Fraser, which is subdivided into six parishes. Among the islands are Slain Island, Tooth Island, Roundbush Island, Moonboom Island, Gardner Island, Dream Island, Stewart Island, and the Reef Islands, all part of the southernmost parish of Talboor.

Its length is about 123 kilometres (76 mi) and its width is approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi).[6] It was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1992.[7] The island is considered to be the largest sand island in the world at 1,840 square kilometres (710 sq mi).[8] It is also Queensland's largest island, Australia's sixth largest island and the largest island on the east coast of Australia. It is the traditional land of the Butchulla people.

Fraser Island has rainforests, eucalyptus woodland, mangrove forests, wallum and peat swamps, sand dunes and coastal heaths. It is made up of sand that has been accumulating for approximately 750,000 years on volcanic bedrock that provides a natural catchment for the sediment which is carried on a strong offshore current northwards along the coast. Unlike on many sand dunes, plant life is abundant due to the naturally occurring mycorrhizal fungi present in the sand, which release nutrients in a form that can be absorbed by the plants.[9] The island is home to a small number of mammal species,[10] as well as a diverse range of birds, reptiles and amphibians, including the occasional saltwater crocodile. The island is protected as part of the Great Sandy National Park.

Fraser Island has been inhabited by humans for as long as 5,000 years.[9] Explorer James Cook sailed by the island in May 1770. Matthew Flinders landed near the most northern point of the island in 1802. For a short period the island was known as Great Sandy Island. The island became known as Fraser Island due to the stories of a shipwreck survivor named Eliza Fraser. Today the island is a popular tourism destination.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Fraser Island was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a "Natural attraction".[11]

In 2020, bushfires burned over half of the island's bushland.[12]

Geography and ecology
NASA Landsat image of Fraser

Fraser Island is separated from the mainland by Great Sandy Strait. The southern tip, near Tin Can Bay, is situated to the north of Inskip Peninsula. The most northern point of the island is Sandy Cape where the Sandy Cape Light operated from 1870 to 1994.[13] The establishment of the lighthouse was the first permanent European settlement on the island.[14] The nearest large town to the island is Hervey Bay, while Maryborough and Bundaberg are also close by. The bay on the north east coast is called Marloo Bay and on the north west coast is Platypus Bay. The most westerly place on the island is Moon Point.[15]

Eli Creek is the largest creek on the eastern beach.
Eli Creek where it enters the sea

Eli Creek is the largest freshwater creek on the east coast of Fraser Island with a flow of 80 million litres per day.[16] Eli Creek has its own unique and varied wild life. Coongul Creek, on the west coast, has a flow rate of four to five million litres per hour.[15] Some of the swamps on the island are fens, particularly near Moon Point. That was only discovered in 1996, when a group of experts who had attended a Ramsar conference in Brisbane flew over the island and conducted an aerial survey.[17] From above, they noticed the distinct patterns of potholed peat devoid of trees. That was the first instance of fens being found in Australia and in a sub-tropical region, although more were subsequently discovered on the adjacent Cooloola coast.

Sandmass and The Pinnacles
The Pinnacles on Fraser Island

The total volume of sand above sea level on Fraser Island is directly proportional to the mass of 113 cubic kilometres (27 cubic miles).[18] All of the sand, which originated in the Hawkesbury, Hunter and Clarence River catchments in New South Wales has been transported north by longshore transport.[18] Along the eastern coast of the island the process is removing more sand than it is depositing, resulting in the slow erosion of beaches which may accelerate with sea level rises attributed to climate change. The sand consists of 98% quartz.[15]

All hills on Fraser Island have been formed by sandblowing. Sandblows are parabolic dunes which move across the island via the wind and are devoid of vegetation. In 2004, there was an estimated total of 36 sandblows on the island.[15] With year-round south-easterly wind, the sand dunes on the island move at the rate of 1 to 2 metres a year and grow to a height of 244 metres. The dune movement creates overlapping dunes and sometimes intersects waterways and covers forests. Dune-building has occurred in episodes as the sea levels have changed, and once extended much further to the east.[19] The oldest dune system has been dated at 700,000 years, which is the world's oldest recorded sequence.[19]

The coloured sands found at Rainbow Gorge, The Cathedrals, The Pinnacles and Red Canyon are examples of the sand being stained over thousands of years due to it conglomerating with clay.[19] Hematite, the mineral pigment responsible for the staining, acts like cement. That allows the steeper cliffs of coloured sand to form. Coffee rock, so-called because when it is dissolved in water it turns the colour of coffee, is found in outcrops along the beaches on both sides of the island.[15]

The "75-Mile Beach" (120 km) runs along most of the east coast of Fraser Island. It is officially designated as a main road and is used as a landing strip for planes. Highway rules state that vehicles must give way to aircraft if they are oncoming. Along the beach are the Champagne Pools, Indian Head, the Maheno Wreck, and the outflow of Eli Creek. Exposed volcanic rocks are found at Indian Head, Waddy Point and Middle Rocks, as well as near Boon Boon Creek.[15]

Lakes
The beach at Lake McKenzie, 2016
Hammerstone Sandblow and Lake Wabby

Fraser Island has more than 100 freshwater lakes,[20] the second highest concentration of lakes in Australia after Tasmania.[16] The freshwater lakes on the island are some of the cleanest in the world.[9] A popular tourist area, Lake McKenzie, is located inland from the small town of Eurong. It is a perched lake, sitting on top of compact sand and vegetable matter 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level. Lake McKenzie has an area of 150 hectares and is just over 5 metres (16 ft) deep. The beach sand of Lake McKenzie is nearly pure silica. The lakes have very few nutrients and their pH varies, but sunscreen and soaps cause a pollution problem. Fresh water on the island may become stained by organic acids found in decaying vegetation. Because of the organic acids, a pH level as low as 3.7 has been measured in some of the island's perched lakes.[15] The acidity prevents many species from inhabiting the lakes.

Another perched lake on Fraser Island is Lake Boomanjin which, at 200 hectares in size, is the largest perched lake on any sea island in the world.[21] In total there are 40 perched lakes on the island, half of all known lakes of this kind on the planet.[10] Lake Boomanjin is fed by two creeks that pass through a wallum swamp where it collects tannins which tint the water red.[15] Lake Wabby is the deepest lake on the island, at 12 metres (39 ft) in depth, and is also the least acidic, which means it has the most aquatic life of all the lakes.

Some of the lakes on Fraser Island are window lakes, which form when the water table has risen to a point higher than the surrounding land. Most of the valleys on the island have creeks which are fed by springs.[15] Motor boats and jet skis are banned from the lakes on the island.[22]

Climate

Fraser Island has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw) barely avoiding the humid subtropical classification, it is generally warm and not subject to extremes in temperature due to the moderating influence of the ocean. Temperatures rarely rise above 33 °C (91 °F) or drop below 7 °C (45 °F) and humidity is consistently high. Rainfall is heaviest during the summer and early autumn, and the annual average is 1,251 mm (49.25 in). Cyclones can be a threat; Cyclone Hamish brushed the island as a category 5 in March 2009, while Cyclone Oswald in January 2013 was significantly weaker at a Category 1. Both storms however caused severe beach erosion, particularly on the island's northern tip.[23] The average annual temperature of the sea ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) between July and September to 27 °C (81 °F) between January and March.[24]

Climate data for Fraser Island (Sandy Cape Lighthouse), 1981-2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.2
(93.6)		 34.3
(93.7)		 34.7
(94.5)		 31.4
(88.5)		 28.6
(83.5)		 26.9
(80.4)		 26.5
(79.7)		 27.2
(81.0)		 28.7
(83.7)		 31.4
(88.5)		 33.2
(91.8)		 34.6
(94.3)		 34.6
(94.3)
Average high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6)		 29.7
(85.5)		 28.8
(83.8)		 27.0
(80.6)		 24.4
(75.9)		 22.0
(71.6)		 21.6
(70.9)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.7
(76.5)		 26.3
(79.3)		 27.6
(81.7)		 29.1
(84.4)		 26.1
(79.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2
(79.2)		 26.3
(79.3)		 25.3
(77.5)		 23.5
(74.3)		 21.2
(70.2)		 18.7
(65.7)		 18.1
(64.6)		 18.9
(66.0)		 21.0
(69.8)		 22.6
(72.7)		 24.5
(76.1)		 25.4
(77.7)		 22.6
(72.8)
Average low °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7)		 22.8
(73.0)		 21.8
(71.2)		 20.1
(68.2)		 17.9
(64.2)		 15.4
(59.7)		 14.6
(58.3)		 15.3
(59.5)		 17.3
(63.1)		 18.9
(66.0)		 21.3
(70.3)		 21.8
(71.2)		 19.2
(66.5)
Record low °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)		 19.0
(66.2)		 14.6
(58.3)		 13.3
(55.9)		 9.6
(49.3)		 6.7
(44.1)		 5.2
(41.4)		 8.2
(46.8)		 9.4
(48.9)		 11.2
(52.2)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.0
(60.8)		 5.2
(41.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 125.9
(4.96)		 156.0
(6.14)		 132.3
(5.21)		 135.5
(5.33)		 132.8
(5.23)		 115.1
(4.53)		 89.2
(3.51)		 63.8
(2.51)		 42.1
(1.66)		 74.6
(2.94)		 86.2
(3.39)		 97.6
(3.84)		 1,251.1
(49.25)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.1 10.7 11.7 12.3 12.4 10.3 9.5 6.7 4.5 6.1 7.2 8.3 109.8
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[25]

Fauna

Mammals

Estimates of the number of mammal species present on Fraser Island range from 25 to 50.[20][26] Mammals include swamp wallabies, echidnas, ringtail and brushtail possums, sugar gliders, squirrel gliders, phascogales, bandicoots, potoroos, flying foxes and dingoes. The swamp wallaby finds protection from dingos in the swampy areas which have dense undergrowth.[27] There are 19 species of bats which live on or visit the island.[27]

Until 2003, when they were removed by the Environmental Protection Agency,[28] there were a few brumbies (horses) on the island, descendants of Arab stock turned loose for breeding purposes, and joined in 1879 by horses brought over for the logging industry.[29][30]

Dingoes
Fraser Island dingoes

Dingoes were once common on Fraser Island, but are now decreasing. The island dingoes are reputedly some of the last remaining 'pure' dingoes in Eastern Australia and to prevent cross-breeding, dogs are not allowed on the island. According to DNA-examinations from the year 2004, the island dingoes are "pure".[31] However, skull measurements from the 1990s detected crossbreeds between dingoes and domestic dogs among the population.[32]

Up until 1995, there were no official records of dingoes attacking humans on Fraser Island. In April 2001, a boy named Clinton Gage wandered away from his family and was attacked and killed by several dingoes.[33] More than 120 dingoes were killed by rangers as a result of the incident, though locals believe the number was much greater.[29] After the 2001 attack, four dedicated rangers were allocated dingo management roles and ranger patrols were increased.[34] There are fines for feeding dingoes or leaving food and rubbish out which may attract them.[26]

As of January 2008, the number of dingoes on Fraser Island was estimated to be 120 to 150, and sightings have become less common. A University of Queensland researcher, Nick Baker, claims the island dingoes have adopted unusual behaviour. Rather than hunt in small packs, island dingoes had developed a tolerance for each other and work together in one big hunting pack.[34] Dingo-proof fences, consisting of metals bars across a concrete pit and a 1.8 m high mesh fence were built around nine island settlements in 2008, to keep the dingoes out of the townships.[35]

In late 2009, a former 'ranger' (no actual formal records of him being employed by QPWS can be found) on the island, Ray Revill, claimed 70% of the dingo population, which was then estimated at between 100 and 120 animals, was malnourished.[36] In March 2010, three separate reports of dingos biting tourists were made.[37] Tourists have been criticised for ignoring advice from park rangers as they try to provoke reactions from dingoes while taking photographs.[37]

As of 2015, the number of dingoes on Fraser Island was estimated to be around 180 to 220.[38]

See also: Dingo attacks in Australia and Interbreeding of dingoes with other domestic dogs

Reptiles and amphibians

There has been a total of 74 different species of reptiles recorded on Fraser Island.[27] 18 species of snakes have been identified with one third of them considered dangerous, including the extremely venomous eastern brown snake.[20] Goannas, snakes, geckos, skinks and frogs are all present on the island. Some frog species have evolved to cope with the acidic waters of lakes and swamps on the island, and are appropriately called acid frogs.[26][30] The island is home to the recently discovered Fraser Island sand skink. Freshwater turtles such as Kreffts river turtle are found in the island's lakes and creeks.

Saltwater crocodiles are exclusively tropical reptiles and usually found in Far North Queensland (several hundred kilometres north-west of Fraser Island), however, occasionally during the warmer season (December through March, when water temperatures reach consistent tropical temperatures) crocodiles may appear in areas in and around the island. During the 2008–2009 summer several crocodiles (one over 4 metres in length) were present in the surrounding ocean.[39] It is thought that these reptiles are seasonal visitors, as they always disappear during the cold months (presumably returning to tropical northern Queensland.) This sort of activity was apparently reported but unverified decades ago (a handful of crocodiles have also historically been observed on very rare occurrences around Brisbane, the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast during the warmer season) but within recent years has been proven and observed more often. Crocodiles do not breed nor do they appear to have any permanent populations living on the island.

Pied oystercatcher

Birds

Fraser Island forms part of the Cooloola and Fraser Coast Important Bird Area (IBA).[40] There are over 350 different species of birds on the island.[10] Birds of prey include sea eagles, peregrine falcon, osprey and kites. Other common birds include pelicans, terns, honeyeaters, gulls, kingfishers, kookaburra, owls, doves, thornbills, ducks, brolgas, and cockatoos. The island is visited by 20 species of migratory wader birds from as far afield as Siberia.[27] The island provides habitat for 22 different species of gull and tern, four species of falcon and six species of kingfisher.[41] A rare bird on the island is the eastern ground parrot, already extinct in some parts of Australia.[29][30]

A humpback whale with the sand dunes of Fraser Island in the background

Other

Cetaceans, such as humpback whales and some species of dolphins are frequent visitors to the area. Dugongs and sea turtles can also be found in surrounding waters.[26] Great white, bull and tiger sharks can be found, with the latter species sometimes approaching fishermen wading in the surf.[26] Mud crabs are found on the western side of the island near mangrove-lined estuaries.[21] 24 freshwater fish species are found in the island's lakes.[20]

There has been 300 species of ants recorded on Fraser Island.[27] Long finned eels and giant earthworms are also found on the island.

Flora

The flora of Fraser Island is diverse. More than 865 species of plants grow on the island.[15] It is the only place on earth where tall rainforest grows in sand.[26] The island contains the largest extent of wallum heath remnants in Queensland. In Pile Valley, 1,000-year-old rough-barked satinays are found.[26] Despite being logged the kauri pines dominate in some areas. Scribbly gums, red gums, piccabeen palms, blue quandong, brush box and pandanus all grow on the island. Along the coast, the foredunes are dominated by salt-tolerant species which includes pigface, goats foot vine and beach spinifex.[19] Spinifex sericeus is an important foundation species. Decayed matter from this dune grass breaks down in the sand, providing vital nutrients for other plant species, such as the beach oak.[15] The rare Angiopteris evecta, a species of fern that has the largest fronds in the world, grows on the island.[20] The southwest coast is dominated by mangroves.[15] Persoonia prostrata was a shrub native to the island which is now extinct.

As one travels from east to west across Fraser Island, the dune age increases. This leads to the progressive maturing of vegetation in the same direction, except for some areas along the western coast where soil leaching has decreased the nutrient soil layer to a depth beyond the reach of plant roots.[27] Each lake on the island is surrounded by concentric vegetation zones. Typically these zones range from rushes in the shallows, then a mix of pioneer species on the beaches, through to sedges, heath, paperbarks, shrubs and finally eucalypt or banksia woodlands.[27]

Administration
Fraser island seen from Spot Satellite

Fraser Island is part of the local government area Fraser Coast Region, which was created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007. Before the local government reorganisation, the island was split up evenly between the City of Hervey Bay (northern part) and the City of Maryborough (southern part).

Fraser Island South is Local Area 8 of the City of Maryborough, and includes the existing village community of Eurong, the Kingfisher Bay Resort, and Dilli Village.[42]

In 1971, the northern half of Fraser Island was declared a national park.[19] Now almost all of the island is included in the Great Sandy National Park, which is administered by Queensland's Environmental Protection Agency. This was extended in 1992 when heritage listing was granted. Except for a few small urban areas the island is protected by a Wild Rivers declaration.[43]

Domestic dogs are not permitted on Fraser Island and fines can be given for non-compliance. The ban, first applied in 1981,[33] is imposed so that the island's dingo population is not exposed to diseases.[44]

In 2010, the management of the park, particularly the treatment of dingoes by the Department of Environment and Resource Management was called into question by Glen Elmes in the Queensland Parliament.[45] Camp grounds are sometimes closed so as to reduce human contact with dingo populations.[37]

Heritage listings

Fraser Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

The island was placed on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007.[47]

History and settlement
Great Sandy Strait and Fraser Island

Name

The earliest known name of the island is 'K'gari' in the Butchulla people's language (pronounced 'gurri'). It means paradise.[10][48]

According to Aboriginal legend, when humans were created and needed a place to live, the mighty god Beiral sent his messenger Yendingie with the goddess K’gari down from heaven to create the land and mountains, rivers and sea. K’gari fell in love with the earth’s beauty and did not want to leave it. So Yendingie changed her into a heavenly island – Fraser Island.

After European colonisation it was called 'Great Sandy Island' then 'Fraser Island' due to the stories disseminated by Eliza Fraser about her 1836 shipwreck on the island. In 2011 the name K'gari was entered as an alternate name for the island in the Queensland Place Names register.[49] In 2017 the island portion of Great Sandy National Park was renamed to K'gari (Fraser Island) National Park,[50] in recognition of Butchulla people who had been campaigning for the island to regain the name officially, which continues.[51]

Eliza Fraser

Captain James Fraser and his wife, Eliza Fraser, were shipwrecked on the island in 1836. Their ship, the brig Stirling Castle, set sail from Sydney to Singapore with 18 crew and passengers. The ship was holed on coral while travelling through the Great Barrier Reef north of the island.[52] Transferring to two lifeboats, the crew set a course south, attempting to reach the settlement at Moreton (now Brisbane). During this trip in the lifeboats, Captain Fraser's pregnant wife gave birth in the leaking lifeboat. The infant died soon after birth. The Captain's lifeboat was becoming more and more unseaworthy and was soon left behind by the other lifeboat which continued on. The sinking boat and its crew was beached on what was then known as the Great Sandy Island. Whether the survivors died due to disease, hunger, exhaustion or battles with the native population will never be known for sure; most likely a little of all of the above. Captain Fraser died leaving Eliza living among the local peoples. She was rescued 6 weeks later by a convict, John Graham,[53] who had lived in the bush as an escapee and who spoke the Aboriginal language. He was sent from the settlement at Moreton by the authorities there who had heard about Eliza's plight, and negotiated her return. Within 6 months, Eliza had married another sea captain. She moved to England and became a sideshow attraction in Hyde Park telling ever more lurid tales about her experiences with white slavery, cannibalism, torture, and murder. As she is known to have told several versions of the story, it is unknown which (if any) version was most accurate.[54][55] She was killed in a carriage accident in Melbourne in 1858 during a visit.[52] Fraser's stories were later discredited and first hand accounts of other survivors of the ship differed markedly.[56][57] However, due to the sensational nature of Fraser's stories, 'Fraser Island' became K'Gari's official name.

Butchulla

Butchulla (also known as Batjala, Badtjala, Badjela and Badjala) is the language of the Fraser Coast region, including K'gari. Butchulla language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Fraser Coast Regional Council, particularly the towns of Maryborough and Hervey Bay extending south towards Noosa.[58]

Archaeological research and evidence shows that Aboriginal Australians occupied Fraser Island at least 5,000 years ago. There was a permanent population of 400–600 that grew to 2,000–3,000 in the winter months due to abundant seafood resources. The arrival of Europeans in the area was an overwhelming disaster for the Butchulla people. European colonisation in the 1840s destroyed the foundations of Aboriginal life.[10] By 1890, it was reported the permanent Butchulla island population had been reduced to only 300 people.[59] Most of these people were taken off the island in 1904 and relocated to missions in Yarrabah and Durundur, Queensland.[60] It is estimated that up to 500 Indigenous archaeological sites are located on the island.[22]

In October 2014, Native title rights were granted to the Butchulla people by the Federal Court. This essentially enabled Butchulla people to hunt, fish and take water for domestic purposes; and could open the island up to economic opportunities for current and future generations of Butchulla people through ecotourism and related business development.[61]

British exploration

Initial European contact was limited to explorers and shipwrecks. The first recorded Britisher to sight Fraser Island was James Cook who passed along the coast of the island between 18 and 20 May 1770. He named Indian Head after viewing a number of Aboriginal people gathered on the headland. After Cook's passage an Aboriginal song was composed to commemorate the event. This was later recognised as the first preserved oral testimony of Indigenous observation of Europeans.[62] Matthew Flinders sailed past the island in 1799, and again in 1802, this time landing at Sandy Cape,[63] while charting Hervey Bay. His 1814 chart is a combination of both voyages, but did not confirm Fraser Island as being separate from the mainland. However, Flinders did suggest the presence of shallow swampy areas at the lower part of the bay. Flinders was told of an opening at Hook Point, between Fraser Island and the mainland, by two American whalers who were hunting whales in Hervey Bay.[64] In 1842, Andrew Petrie recorded good pastoral lands and forests, attracting graziers to the region.[19] Lieutenant Robert Dayman was the first European to sail between Fraser Island and the mainland in 1847.[14]

Frontier Conflict

British pastoralists started to enter the area in 1847 and local Butchulla people would attack the colonists, stealing cargoes and small boats from them.[65] They also tried to prevent the formation of the nearby township of Maryborough by attacking George Furber as he was constructing the first sheds there.[66] By 1850, Butchulla people in the Mary River area were killing shepherds, rounding up hundreds of sheep and taking them to their stronghold of Fraser Island.[67] In 1851, Commandant Frederick Walker and the Native Police force were called in to apprehend Butchulla people who were charged with committing a number of offences and were using Fraser Island as a sanctuary.[68] Walker received advice from the Attorney-General of New South Wales, John Hubert Plunkett, "It must, unhappily, be expected that the proposed attempt at arrest may lead to a warlike conflict and perhaps to loss of life, but the aim of the law must not be paralysed by the expectation of such results".[69]

Walker, with Lieutenant Richard Marshall and Sergeant Doolan, took their three divisions of troopers, together with armed settlers including James Leith Hay, down the Mary River aboard Captain Currie's Margaret and Mary schooner. Butchulla people in stolen boats were shot along the way and one boat was seized.[70] The force landed on the west coast of the island where the divisions split up to scour the region. During the night, when Marshall's section was ambushed, they shot a number of Badtjala people and captured several others. Bad weather hampered operations and Commandant Walker subsequently allowed his division to track down other groups of Butchulla people without him. This group tracked the local Butchulla people across to the east coast where they "took to the sea". The force returned to Maryborough in early January 1852 and Captain Currie received a reward of £10 for his contribution.[71]

Fraser Island continued to be a safe haven for the Butchulla people and reports from British commissioners stationed in Maryborough convey the threat settlers felt.[72] In 1857, a Native Police barracks under the command of Lieutenant John O'Connell Bligh was established at Coopers Plains not far from Maryborough. The close proximity of this force eliminated most Aboriginal resistance by 1860 with Bligh conducting bloody forays into Fraser Island,[73] Cooloola and in the town of Maryborough itself.[74]

The White Girls of Fraser Island

In 1859 rumours of two shipwrecked 'white' girls living with Butchulla people on Fraser Island gained some credence when Captain Arnold of the Coquette arrived in Sydney with information seeming to confirm the story.[75] Public interest was stirred and Arnold was requested by the New South Wales Government to return to the island with a rescue party, obtaining the right to a £200 bonus if the girls were brought back. The expedition was carried out with the aid of an Aboriginal man named Tommy, who identified the Aboriginal camp near Indian Head where two girls aged about 12 and 18 were located and captured. The girls' 'excited' family/families were bribed with gifts and lies the girls would be returned soon.[76] On taking them to Sydney, it became evident through their appearance and through their complete lack of knowledge of the English language that the girls were likely Aboriginal 'half-castes'. Arthur Macalister stated that he "thought it very probable that these girls were half castes, and that the whole thing was a trick".[77] Further discredit was placed on the process when it was found that the Aboriginal people who were paid by the search party to find the girls were rewarded in worthless commemorative coins instead of real money.[78] The girls, 'Kitty' Mundi and 'Maria' Quoheen/Coyeen, were not returned to their home but were initially kept at the Immigration Depot, where they yearned for their family.[79] Kitty, the eldest of the two, suffered severe mental distress and died shortly afterwards. Maria survived for about 20 years, dying from pulmonary tuberculosis.[80]

Aboriginal internment camp

In 1897, as part of the implementation of the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897, the Government of Queensland moved 51 Indigenous people who had been deemed to have "reached a deplorable stage of degradation, being completely demoralised by drink, opium, disease, and intermittent periods of semi-starvation" from the Maryborough district to a camp on the west coast of Fraser Island. The main bureaucrat in charge of the relocations of Indigenous people in Queensland at the time, Archibald Meston, transported the 51 men, women and children to a defunct quarantine station at White Cliffs (Beerillbee) about 2 km south of the present day Kingfisher Bay Resort.[81] However, white residents of Maryborough made incursions into the camp area and caused tension and flare ups[82] which resulted in the relocation of the camp 10 km north to Bogimbah creek.[83] The Queensland Government ran the Bogimbah site under the direction of Archibald Meston's son and wife until February 1900, when control was handed over to the Anglican Board of Missions.[84] By this time, Bogimbah had become an incarceration facility for Indigenous people from around Queensland. At the end of 1899 there were 137 Indigenous people from 25 different locations, including some who had served prison sentences in places like St Helena Island and Townsville Gaol and had been refused permission to return to their homes.[85] A former Native Police trooper named Barney, who had assisted in the operations to capture Ned Kelly, was sent to Bogimbah but drowned there not long after in a boating accident.[86]

Conditions at Bogimbah were dire, with inadequate shelter and rations.[87] Inmates frequently tried to escape to the mainland in order to get access to better food and obtain employment. Some died through malnutrition, pulmonary tuberculosis and geophagia.[88] In 1904, in order to save money on funding to the Missions Board, the Queensland Government decided to shut the Bogimbah facility.[89] Of the 145 Indigenous people counted at the time of closure, 94 were transferred to the Yarrabah facility near Cairns, 33 to the Durundur facility near Woodford, 9 were kept local and another 9 escaped or were sent elsewhere.[90] Those who were removed to Yarrabah were transported by the Rio Loge and there appears to have been deceptive techniques involved in getting the people to separate from loved ones.[91] Once in Yarrabah, similarly poor living standards greeted these people and those who become troublesome were transferred to Fitzroy Island.[92]

Logging
McKenzie's Tramway Locomotive, c. 1920

Logging on the island began in 1863, initiated by American Jack Piggott (known as 'Yankee Jack').[19] Piggott's contribution, however, was limited as he was killed the following year by Indigenous people on the northern part of the island after what was rumoured to be a "black-shooting expedition" went awry.[93] Blackbutt trees (Eucalyptus pilularis), Queensland kauri (Agathis robusta) and satinay or Fraser Island turpentine (Syncarpia hillii) were extensively exploited as they provided excellent timber.[19][94] Satinay logs were sent to Egypt to be used in the construction of the Suez Canal.[21] For the first 70 years of logging, bullock drays were used to haul the timber to loading points on the beach.[21] Railway tracks were laid through the forest to facilitate logging, but were later removed. The logging industry continued until 1991, ceasing following concerns raised by the Commission of Inquiry into the Conservation, Management and Use of Fraser Island and the Great Sandy Region, appointed by the Goss Labor government and chaired by Justice Tony Fitzgerald.[95]

Sand Mining

The geology of the island includes extensive deposits of rutile, ilmenite, zircon and monazite. Sand mining leases were first granted in 1950, and mining continued until 1977.[96] Without public knowledge the Queensland Government granted mining leases to the American mining company Dillingham-Murphyores in the 1960s. In 1971, the Fraser Island Defense Organisation (FIDO) opposed the granting of more leases to the company. Despite more than 1,300 submissions that were made to the local mining warden objecting to new leases, the submission was granted.[97] FIDO took the case to the High Court of Australia which overruled the decision noting that the public interest was not being upheld. Dillingham-Murphyores continued mining. The Whitlam Government established Australia's first environmental impact inquiry, which recommended that mining cease.[97] Eventually the Fraser Government cancelled the company's mineral export license, which halted mining on the island. That represented a significant win for the conservation movement in Australia.[97] Fraser Island then became the first place to be included in the Australian Heritage Commission's Register of the National Estate.[98]

Wreck of the Maheno
The wreck of the S.S. Maheno near Eli Creek, 2019

A major landmark on Fraser Island is the shipwreck of the S.S. Maheno. The Maheno was built in Scotland in 1905 as a luxury passenger ship for the trans-Tasman crossing. During World War I it served as a hospital ship in the English Channel, and was then returned to its owners to resume usual commercial operation. By 1935 the ship had been taken out of service and was sold to a ship-breaker in Japan. On 25 June 1935, while being towed to Osaka to be broken up, the ship was caught in a strong cyclone about 80 kilometres (50 miles) off the coast of Queensland. The towline parted, and on 9 July 1935 the Maheno became beached on the east coast of Fraser Island.

During World War II the wreck served as target bombing practice for the RAAF and was used as an explosives demolition target by special forces from the Fraser Commando School. The remains of the ship are now severely rusted, with almost three and a half storeys buried under the sand. Because of the danger it poses, climbing on the wreck is not permitted.[99]

Fraser Commando School

During World War II, the area near McKenzie's Jetty was used by the Services Reconnaissance Department (popularly known as "Z Special Unit") as a special forces training camp – the Fraser Commando School. Thousands of soldiers were trained here because the conditions were similar to those found on Pacific Islands where the Japanese were fought.[21] Lake McKenzie was used for parachute training and the wreck of the Maheno was used for explosive demolitions practice.

Visitors to the site of the Fraser Commando School today can still see various relics of its military past including armour plates used to test armour piercing explosive charges and weapons and a concrete relief map of Singapore Harbour used as an aid in operations planning.

Nauru resettlement proposition

As part of ongoing meetings in the United Nations Trusteeship Council on the Conditions in the Trust Territories, the Republic of Nauru expressed concern that its phosphate mining exportation would be depleted by the end of the century, endangering the future of the island.[100][101] In 1961, Fraser Island was proposed by Australia as a location for the resettlement of the entire population of the Republic of Nauru. The timber industry on Fraser Island managed to ensure that resettlement on Fraser Island did not proceed.[102] In 1964 in the 31st session of United Nations Trusteeship Council meetings it was concluded that Curtis Island could provide a more satisfactory resettlement for the population of Nauru.[101] Nauru rejected the offer of moving the entire population to Curtis Island due to political independence considerations that Australia would not agree to.[100] When visiting the island in 1964, the head of the Nauru delegation, Hammer de Roburt, insisted on this point of sovereignty in order to protect his people from the overt racism that he himself experienced on this tour.[103] Although a resettlement never did occur, the Republic of Nauru went on to achieve independence on 31 January 1968.

Population

At the 2011 census, Fraser Island had a population of 194 people.[104]

Bushfires

In 2020, a bushfire burned over half of the island's bushland. [105]

Tourism
A 4WD Bus in Fraser Island
Scenic flight over Fraser Island which lands and takes off from the beach
It is popular to drive at the beaches of Fraser Island

Fraser Island is one of Queensland's most popular islands for tourists, who can reach the island by ferry from Hervey Bay or Rainbow Beach, which takes approximately 50-minutes.[106] Estimates of the number of visitors to the island each year range from 350,000 to 500,000.[33][107] The chance of seeing a dingo in its natural setting is one of the main reasons people visit the island.[33] The use of boardwalks and marked tracks by visitors is encouraged to reduce erosion.[22]

Urinating tourists have created environmental problems in Fraser Island lakes and on coastal dunes. The foredunes are used as a toilet by bush campers, who are estimated to number 90,000 each year.[107] Many of the perched lakes have no outflow or inflow which exacerbates the problem. Water quality in some lakes is being affected by storm water run-off from dune roads, and by swimmers' use of sunscreen.

In April 2009, a vehicle overturned on the beach after being hit by a wave. Two backpackers were killed in the accident. Following the incident speed limits on the beach were reduced from 100 km/h to 80 km/h, and from 40 km/h to 30 km/h inland.[108] Everyone who hires a vehicle on the island from an organisation accredited by the Fraser Coast 4WD Operators Association must attend a one-hour-long briefing on vehicle safety.

"Central Station", which was formerly the hub of the forestry industry when there was logging on Fraser Island, is now a popular tourist destination. Some of the rarest ferns grow in the rainforest near the location.

Access
Fraser Island Ferry

The island can be reached by a ferry from River Heads (South of Hervey Bay) to Kingfisher Bay and Wanggoolba Creek or Inskip Point to north of Rainbow Beach to Hook Point, or by chartered flight from Maroochydore Airport.[109]

A four-wheel drive is required for all landings (except Kingfisher Bay), and travel on the island (except within the Kingfisher Bay Resort). A permit is required for vehicles and is obtainable on-line from DERM and several outlets at Rainbow Beach. Several firms provide four-wheel drive vehicles for hire.[110] Tour buses travel the island as well as several kinds of self-drive tours departing regularly from Hervey Bay, Rainbow Beach and Noosa.[111]

Angling

Tailor is one of the more common species sought by anglers on Fraser Island and along the Queensland coast. Other fish caught on the eastern coast include jewfish, golden trevally and surf bream, while whiting, flathead and surf bream prefer the calmer western waters.[21] Pilchards, bloodworms, yabbies, pipi and sandworms can all be used for bait. Fishing is banned in the island's creeks and lakes.[27]

Camping

There are many campgrounds on Fraser Island with varying amenities and access. The main camping areas are: Dundubara Campground, Cathedrals on Fraser, Waddy Point campground, Central Station Tent Sites, Waddy Beach (tent only campsites), Cornwells Break (large group site), One Tree Rocks camp zone (Eurong-One Tree Rocks), however there are others. Permits are required for camping and also for vehicle access.[112]

Hiking

There are various possibilities for overnight hiking on the island. Most notable is the 90 km long Fraser Island Great Walk. A shorter hike would be for example to start in Kingfisher Bay (ferry drop off) and head to Lake McKenzie, stay there for one night, and then hike back.

See also

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