Lapatinib

Lapatinib (INN), used in the form of lapatinib ditosylate (USAN) (trade names Tykerb and Tyverb) is an orally active drug for breast cancer and other solid tumours.[1] It is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor which interrupts the HER2/neu and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways.[2] It is used in combination therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. It is used for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer whose tumors overexpress HER2 (ErbB2).[3]

Not to be confused with apatinib.
Lapatinib
Clinical data
Trade namesTykerb, Tyverb
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa607055
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
Routes of
administration		By mouth (tablets)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • CA: ℞-only
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityVariable, increased with food
Protein binding>99%
MetabolismLiver, mostly CYP3A-mediated (minor 2C19 and 2C8 involvement)
Elimination half-life24 hours (repeated dosing), 14.2 hours (single dose)
ExcretionMostly Feces
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC29H26ClFN4O4S
Molar mass581.06 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Status

On March 13, 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lapatinib in combination therapy for breast cancer patients already using capecitabine (Xeloda).[2][3] In January 2010, Tykerb received accelerated approval for the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses the HER2 receptor and for whom hormonal therapy is indicated (in combination with letrozole).[3]

Pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) markets the drug under the propriety names Tykerb (mostly U.S.) and Tyverb (mostly Europe and Russia).[4] The drug currently has approval for sale and clinical use in the US,[2][4] Australia,[2] Bahrain,[2] Kuwait,[2] Venezuela,[2] Brazil,[5] New Zealand,[5] South Korea,[5] Switzerland,[4] Japan, Jordan, the European Union, Lebanon, India and Pakistan.[4]

On August 2, 2013, India's Intellectual Property Appellate Board revoked the patent for Glaxo's Tykerb citing its derivative status, while upholding at the same time the original patent granted for lapatinib.[6]

The drug lapatinib ditosylate is classified as S/NM (a synthetic compound showing competitive inhibition of the natural product) that is naturally derived or inspired substrate [7]

Mode of action

Biochemistry

Lapatinib inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity associated with two oncogenes, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2/neu (human EGFR type 2).[8] Over expression of HER2/neu can be responsible for certain types of high-risk breast cancers in women.[2]

Like sorafenib, lapatinib is a protein kinase inhibitor shown to decrease tumor-causing breast cancer stem cells.[9]

Lapatinib inhibits receptor signal processes by binding to the ATP-binding pocket of the EGFR/HER2 protein kinase domain, preventing self-phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the signal mechanism (see Receptor tyrosine kinase#Signal transduction).[10]

Breast cancer

Lapatinib is used as a treatment for women's breast cancer in treatment-naïve, ER+/EGFR+/HER2+ breast cancer patients and in patients who have HER2-positive advanced breast cancer that has progressed after previous treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as anthracycline, taxane-derived drugs, or trastuzumab (Herceptin).

A 2006 GSK-supported randomized clinical trial on female breast cancer previously being treated with those agents (anthracycline, a taxane and trastuzumab) demonstrated that administrating lapatinib in combination with capecitabine delayed the time of further cancer growth compared to regimens that use capecitabine alone. The study also reported that risk of disease progression was reduced by 51%, and that the combination therapy was not associated with increases in toxic side effects.[11] The outcome of this study resulted in a somewhat complex and rather specific initial indication for lapatinib—use only in combination with capecitabine for HER2-positive breast cancer in women whose cancer have progressed following previous chemotherapy with anthracycline, taxanes and trastuzumab.

Early clinical trials have been performed suggesting that high dose intermittent lapatinib might have better efficacy with manageable toxicities in the treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancers.[12]

Adverse effects

Like many small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, lapatinib is regarded as well tolerated. The most common side effects reported are diarrhea, fatigue, nausea and rashes.[2][13] Of note, lapatinib related rash is associated with improved outcome.[14] In clinical studies elevated liver enzymes have been reported. QT prolongation has been observed with the use of lapatinib ditosylate but there are no reports of torsades de pointes. Caution is advised in patients with hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, congenital long QT syndrome, or with coadministration of medicines known to cause QT prolongation. In combination with capecitabine, reversible decreased left ventricular function are common (2%).[15]

Ongoing trials in gastric cancer

Phase III study designed to assess lapatinib in combination with chemotherapy for advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer in 2013 failed to meet the primary endpoint of improved overall survival (OS) against chemotherapy alone. The trial did not discover new safety signals, while the median OS for patients in the lapatinib and chemotherapy group was 12.2 months against 10.5 months for patients in the placebo plus chemotherapy. Secondary endpoints of the randomized, double-blinded study, were progression-free survival (PFS), response rate and duration of response. Median PFS was 6 months, response rate was 53% and the duration of response was 7.3 months in the investigational combination chemotherapy group compared to median PFS of 5.4 months, response rate of 39% and duration of response of 5.6 months for patients in chemotherapy alone group. Diarrhoea, vomiting, anemia, dehydration and nausea were serious adverse events (SAE) reported in over 2% of patients in the investigational combination chemotherapy group, while vomiting was the most common SAE noted in the chemotherapy group.[16]

References
  1. Burris HA (2004). "Dual kinase inhibition in the treatment of breast cancer: initial experience with the EGFR/ErbB-2 inhibitor lapatinib". Oncologist. 9 Suppl 3: 10–5. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.9-suppl_3-10. PMID 15163842.
  2. Higa GM, Abraham J (September 2007). "Lapatinib in the treatment of breast cancer" (log in required). Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 7 (9): 1183–92. doi:10.1586/14737140.7.9.1183. PMID 17892419. S2CID 36837880.
  3. Pazdur, Richard (14 January 2011). "FDA Approval for Lapatinib Ditosylate". Womens Health (Lond Engl). Cancer.gov. 6 (2): 173. doi:10.2217/whe.10.11. PMID 20187722.
  4. "GlaxoSmithKline receives marketing authorisation in the EU for Tyverb (lapatinib), the first oral targeted therapy for ErbB2-positive breast cancer" (Press release). GlaxoSmithKline. 2008-06-12. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  5. "GlaxoSmithKline Reports Positive New Data On Tykerb (lapatinib) At The 2007 American Society Of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting" (Press release). Medical News Today. June 4, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
  6. Kulkarni, Kaustubh (2 August 2013). "India revokes GSK cancer drug patent in latest Big Pharma blow". Reuters. Mumbai, India. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  7. (Gordon M. Cragg, Paul G. Grothaus, and David J. Newman, Impact of Natural Products on Developing New Anti-Cancer Agents, Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 3012–3043)
  8. Wood ER, Truesdale AT, McDonald OB, Yuan D, Hassell A, Dickerson SH, Ellis B, Pennisi C, et al. (2004). "A unique structure for epidermal growth factor receptor bound to GW572016 (Lapatinib): relationships among protein conformation, inhibitor off-rate, and receptor activity in tumor cells". Cancer Research. 64 (18): 6652–9. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1168. PMID 15374980.
  9. Angel Rodriguez (April 2008). New type of drug shrinks primary breast cancer tumors significantly in just six weeks; research provides leads to a new target in cancer treatment – the cancer stem cell. Archived from the original on 2008-11-26.
  10. Nelson MH, Dolder CR (February 2006). "Lapatinib: a novel dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity in solid tumors". Ann Pharmacother. 40 (2): 261–9. doi:10.1345/aph.1G387. PMID 16418322. S2CID 21622641.
  11. Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al. (December 2006). "Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (26): 2733–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa064320. PMID 17192538.
  12. Chien AJ, Munster PN, Melisko ME, Rugo HS, Park JW, Goga A, Auerback G, Khanafshar E, Ordovas K, Koch K, Moasser MM (May 2014). "Phase I dose-escalation study of 5-day intermittent oral Lapatinib therapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 32 (14): 1472–79. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.52.1161. PMC 4017711. PMID 24711549.
  13. Burris HA, Hurwitz HI, Dees EC, et al. (August 2005). "Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity study of lapatinib (GW572016), a reversible dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic carcinomas". J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (23): 5305–13. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.16.584. PMID 15955900.
  14. Sonnenblick A et al. Lapatinib-Related Rash and Breast Cancer Outcome in the ALTTO Phase III Randomized Trial.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016 Apr
  15. NCI Cancer Drug Information. FDA Approval for Lapatinib Ditosylate (Tykerb®). Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  16. "Tykerb/Tyverb Phase III gastric cancer study fails to meet primary endpoint" Archived 2015-01-10 at the Wayback Machine
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