Nonsyndromic deafness

Nonsyndromic deafness is hearing loss that is not associated with other signs and symptoms. In contrast, syndromic deafness involves hearing loss that occurs with abnormalities in other parts of the body. Genetic changes are related to the following types of nonsyndromic deafness.

  • DFNA: nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal dominant
  • DFNB: nonsyndromic deafness, autosomal recessive
  • DFNX: nonsyndromic deafness, X-linked
  • nonsyndromic deafness, mitochondrial
Nonsyndromic deafness
Other namesNon-syndromic genetic deafness
Treatmentvancomycin

Each type is numbered in the order in which it was described. For example, DFNA1 was the first described autosomal dominant type of nonsyndromic deafness. Mitochondrial nonsyndromic deafness involves changes to the small amount of DNA found in mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells.[1]

Most forms of nonsyndromic deafness are associated with permanent hearing loss caused by damage to structures in the inner ear. The inner ear consists of three parts: a snail-shaped structure called the cochlea that helps process sound, nerves that send information from the cochlea to the brain, and structures involved with balance. Loss of hearing caused by changes in the inner ear is called sensorineural deafness. Hearing loss that results from changes in the middle ear is called conductive hearing loss. The middle ear contains three tiny bones that help transfer sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. Some forms of nonsyndromic deafness involve changes in both the inner ear and the middle ear; this combination is called mixed hearing loss.

The severity of hearing loss varies and can change over time. It can affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). Degrees of hearing loss range from mild (difficulty understanding soft speech) to profound (inability to hear even very loud noises). The loss may be stable, or it may progress as a person gets older. Particular types of nonsyndromic deafness often show distinctive patterns of hearing loss. For example, the loss may be more pronounced at high, middle, or low tones.

Nonsyndromic deafness can occur at any age. Hearing loss that is present before a child learns to speak is classified as prelingual or congenital. Hearing loss that occurs after the development of speech is classified as postlingual.

Genetics

Nonsyndromic deafness can have different patterns of inheritance. Between 75% and 80% of cases are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Usually, each parent of an individual with autosomal recessive deafness is a carrier of one copy of the altered gene. These carriers do not have hearing loss.

Another 20% to 25% of nonsyndromic deafness cases are autosomal dominant, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to result in hearing loss. People with autosomal dominant deafness most often inherit an altered copy of the gene from a parent who has hearing loss.

Between 1% and 2% of cases show an X-linked pattern of inheritance, which means the mutated gene responsible for the condition is located on the X chromosome. Males with X-linked nonsyndromic deafness tend to develop more severe hearing loss earlier in life than females who inherit a copy of the same gene mutation. Fathers will not pass X-linked traits to their sons since they do not pass on the X chromosome to their male offspring.

Mitochondrial nonsyndromic deafness, which results from changes to the DNA in mitochondria, occurs in fewer than 1% of cases in the United States. The altered mitochondrial DNA is passed from a mother to her sons and daughters. This type of deafness is not inherited from fathers.

Late onset progressive deafness is the most common neurological disability of the elderly. Although hearing loss of greater than 25 decibels is present in only 1% of young adults between the ages of 18–24 years of age, this increases to 10% in persons between 55–64 years of age and approximately 50% in octogenarians.

The relative contribution of heredity to age-related hearing impairment is not known, however the majority of inherited late-onset deafness is autosomal dominant and non-syndromic (Van Camp et al., 1997). Over forty genes associated with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss have been localized and of these fifteen have been cloned.

Mutations in the ACTG1, CABP2, CDH23, CLDN14, COCH, COL11A2, DFNA5, ESPN, EYA4, GJB2, GJB6, KCNQ4, MYO15A, MYO6, MYO7A, OTOF, PCDH15, POU3F4, SLC26A4, STRC, TECTA, TMC1, TMIE, TMPRSS3, USH1C, and WFS1 genes cause nonsyndromic deafness, with weaker evidence currently implicating genes CCDC50, DIAPH1, DSPP, ESRRB, GJB3, GRHL2, GRXCR1, HGF, LHFPL5, LOXHD1, LRTOMT, MARVELD2, MIR96, MYH14, MYH9, MYO1A, MYO3A, OTOA, PJVK, POU4F3, PRPS1, PTPRQ, RDX, SERPINB6, SIX1, SLC17A8, TPRN, TRIOBP, SLC26A5, and WHRN.

The causes of nonsyndromic deafness can be complex. Researchers have identified more than 30 genes that, when mutated, may cause nonsyndromic deafness; however, some of these genes have not been fully characterized. Many genes related to deafness are involved in the development and function of the inner ear. Gene mutations interfere with critical steps in processing sound, resulting in hearing loss. Different mutations in the same gene can cause different types of hearing loss, and some genes are associated with both syndromic and nonsyndromic deafness. In many families, the gene(s) involved have yet to be identified.

Deafness can also result from environmental factors or a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including certain medications, peri-natal infections (infections occurring before or after birth), and exposure to loud noise over an extended period.

Types include:

OMIM Gene Type
124900 DIAPH1 DFNA1
600101 KCNQ4 DFNA2A
612644 GJB3 DFNA2B
601544 GJB2 DFNA3A
612643 GJB6 DFNA3B
600652 MYH14 DFNA4
600994 DFNA5 DFNA5
601543 TECTA DFNA8/12
601369 COCH DFNA9
601316 EYA4 DFNA10
601317 MYO7A DFNA11, neurosensory
601868 COL11A2 DFNA13
602459 POU4F3 DFNA15
603622 MYH9 DFNA17
604717 ACTG1 DFNA20/26
606346 MYO6 DFNA22
605192 SIX1 DFNA23
605583 SLC17A8 DFNA25
608641 GRHL2 DFNA28
606705 TMC1 DFNA36
605594 DSPP DFNA36, with dentinogenesis
607453 CCDC50 DFNA44
607841 MYO1A DFNA48
613074 MIR96 DFNA50
220290 GJB2 DFNB1A
612645 GJB6 DFNB1B
600060 MYO7A DFNB2, neurosensory (see also Usher syndrome)
600316 MYO15A DFNB3
600971 TMIE DFNB6
600974 TMC1 DFNB7
601072 TMPRSS3 DFNB8, childhood onset
601071 OTOF DFNB9
601386 CDH23 DFNB12
603720 STRC DFNB16
602092 USH1C DFNB18
603629 TECTA DFNB21
607039 OTOA DFNB22
609533 PCDH15 DFNB23
611022 RDX DFNB24
613285 GRXCR1 DFNB25
609823 TRIOBP DFNB28
607101 MYO3A DFNB30
607084 WHRN DFNB31
608565 ESRRB DFNB35
609006 ESPN DFNB36
607821 MYO6 DFNB37
608265 HGF DFNB39
610153 MARVELD2 DFNB49
609706 COL11A2 DFNB53
610220 PJVK DFNB59
611451 LRTOMT DFNB63
610265 LHFPL5 DFNB67
613079 LOXHD1 DFNB77
613307 TPRN DFNB79
613391 PTPRQ DFNB84
613453 SERPINB6 DFNB91
614899 CABP2 DFNB93
304500 PRPS1 DFNX1
304400 POU3F4 DFNX2
580000 MT-RNR1, COX1[2] deafness, aminoglycoside-induced
500008 (several mtDNA) DFN, sensorineural, mt

Treatment

Treatment is supportive and consists of management of manifestations. User of hearing aids and/or cochlear implant, suitable educational programs can be offered. Periodic surveillance is also important.[3]

Epidemiology

About 1 in 1,000 children in the United States is born with profound deafness. By age 9, about 3 in 1,000 children have hearing loss that affects the activities of daily living. More than half of these cases are caused by genetic factors. Most cases of genetic deafness (70% to 80%) are nonsyndromic; the remaining cases are caused by specific genetic syndromes. In adults, the chance of developing hearing loss increases with age; hearing loss affects half of all people older than 80 years.

References
  1. Reference, Genetics Home. "nonsyndromic hearing loss". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  2. Usami, S; Nishio, S; Adam, MP; Ardinger, HH; Pagon, RA; Wallace, SE; Bean, LJH; Stephens, K; Amemiya, A (1993). "Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness, Mitochondrial". PMID 20301595. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Smith, Richard JH; Jones, Mary-Kayt N. (1993). "Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness, DFNB1". GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle.

Further reading
Classification
External resources
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