Plakoglobin

Plakoglobin, also known as junction plakoglobin or gamma-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUP gene.[5] Plakoglobin is a member of the catenin protein family and homologous to β-catenin. Plakoglobin is a cytoplasmic component of desmosomes and adherens junctions structures located within intercalated discs of cardiac muscle that function to anchor sarcomeres and join adjacent cells in cardiac muscle. Mutations in plakoglobin are associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

JUP
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3IFQ
Identifiers
Aliases	JUP, ARVD12, CTNNG, DP3, DPIII, PDGB, PKGB, Plakoglobin, junction plakoglobin
External IDs	OMIM: 173325 MGI: 96650 HomoloGene: 1680 GeneCards: JUP
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human)[1] Band 17q21.2 Start 41,754,604 bp[1] End 41,786,931 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse)[2] Band 11 D|11 63.47 cM Start 100,368,958 bp[2] End 100,397,763 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein homodimerization activity • GO:0001105 transcription coactivator activity • structural constituent of cell wall • structural molecule activity • signal transducer activity • GO:0001948 protein binding • cell adhesive protein binding involved in bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte communication • protein phosphatase binding • protein kinase binding • alpha-catenin binding • cell adhesion molecule binding • cadherin binding • nuclear hormone receptor binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • cytosol • gamma-catenin-TCF7L2 complex • lateral plasma membrane • membrane • intercalated disc • intercellular junction • focal adhesion • adherens junction • cell membrane • desmosome • hemidesmosome • cell junction • apicolateral plasma membrane • protein-DNA complex • Z disc • actin cytoskeleton • zonula adherens • cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane • catenin complex • fascia adherens • cytoskeleton • intermediate filament • extracellular exosome • cell nucleus • extracellular matrix • cornified envelope • extracellular region • specific granule lumen • ficolin-1-rich granule lumen Biological process • adherens junction assembly • protein heterooligomerization • positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte adhesion involved in cell communication • endothelial cell-cell adhesion • cellular response to indole-3-methanol • desmosome assembly • cell adhesion • regulation of cell proliferation • detection of mechanical stimulus • positive regulation of protein import into nucleus • adherens junction organization • regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction • cell migration • regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential • skin development • signal transduction • keratinization • neutrophil degranulation • cornification • protein localization to plasma membrane • cell-cell adhesion • positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion • negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration • positive regulation of angiogenesis • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3728	16480
Ensembl	ENSG00000173801	ENSMUSG00000001552
UniProt	P14923	Q02257
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002230 NM_021991 NM_001352773 NM_001352774 NM_001352775 NM_001352776 NM_001352777	NM_010593
RefSeq (protein)	NP_002221 NP_068831 NP_001339702 NP_001339703 NP_001339704 NP_001339705 NP_001339706	NP_034723
Location (UCSC)	Chr 17: 41.75 – 41.79 Mb	Chr 11: 100.37 – 100.4 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure

Human plakoglobin is 81.7 kDa in molecular weight and 745 amino acids long.[6] The JUP gene contains 13 exons spanning 17 kb on chromosome 17q21.[7] Plakoglobin is a member of the catenin family, since it contains a distinct repeating amino acid motif called the armadillo repeat.[5] Plakoglobin is highly similar to β-catenin; both have 12 armadillo repeats as well as N-terminal and C-terminal globular domains of unknown structure.[8] Plakoglobin was originally identified as a component of desmosomes, where it can bind to the cadherin family member desmoglein I. Plakoglobin also associates with classical cadherins such as E-cadherin; in that context, it was called gamma-catenin. Plakoglobin forms distinct complexes with cadherins and desmosomal cadherins.

Function

Plakoglobin is a major cytoplasmic component of both desmosomes and adherens junctions, and is the only known constituent common to submembranous plaques in both of these structures,[9] which are located at the intercalated disc (ICD) of cardiomyocytes. Plakoglobin links cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. Plakoglobin binds to conserved regions of desmoglein and desmocollin at intracellular catenin-binding sites to assemble desmosomes.[10][11]

Plakoglobin is essential for normal development of intercalated discs and stability of cardiac muscle. Transgenic mice homozygous for a null mutation of the JUP gene die around embryonic day 12 from substantial defects in adherens junctions and a lack of functional desmosomes in the heart.[12][13] Further studies showed that cardiac fibers obtained from JUP-null embryonic mice had decreased passive compliance albeit normal attachment of sarcomeres to adherens junctions.[14]

In additional studies, an inducible cardiac-specific plakoglobin knockout mice were generated. Transgenic mice displayed a similar phenotype as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy patients, with loss of cardiomyocytes, fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction, as well as alterations in desmosome protein content and gap junction remodeling. Hearts also exhibited increases in β-catenin signaling.[15][16] Further investigations on the role of β-catenin and plakoglobin in the heart generated a double knockout of these two proteins. Mice exhibited cardiomyopathy, fibrosis, conduction abnormalities and sudden cardiac death, presumably via spontaneous lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Mice also showed a decrease in gap junction structures at intercalated discs.[17]

Intracellular plakoglobin expression s controlled by Wnt signaling and ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation. Phosphorylation of N-terminal Serines by a “destruction complex” composed of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and scaffold proteins adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and axin targets plakoglobin for degradation.[18][19][20][31–33]. The phosphorylated motif is recognized by β-TrCP, a ubiquitin ligase that targets plakoglobin 26S proteasome-dependent degradation.[21] Plakoglobin is also O-glycosylated near its N-terminal destruction box.

Clinical significance

Mutation of the JUP gene encoding plakoglobin has been implicated as one of the causes of the cardiomyopathy known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; mutations in JUP specifically causes an autosomal recessive form referred to as Naxos disease.[22][23][24] This form of was first identified in a small cluster of families on the Greek island of Naxos. The phenotype of the Naxos disease variant of ARVD is unique in that it involves the hair and skin as well as the right ventricle. Affected individuals have kinky, wooly hair; there is also palmar and plantar erythema at birth that progresses to keratosis as the palms and soles of the feet are used in crawling and walking.[25][26][27] These findings co-segregate 100% with the development of ARVD by early adolescence.

It has become clear that ARVD/ARVC is a disease of the cardiac muscle desmosome; advances in molecular genetics have illuminated this notion.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

Studies investigating the role of plakoglobin in disease pathology have found that suppression of desmoplakin expression by siRNA led to the nuclear localization of plakoglobin, resulting in a reduction in Wnt signaling via Tcf/Lef1 and ensued pathogenesis of ARVC.[37] Specifically, adipogenic factor expression was induced and cardiac progenitor cells at the epicardium were differentiated to adipocytes.[38]

Non-invasive cardiac screening identified T-wave inversion, abnormalities in right ventricular wall motion, and frequent ventricular extrasystoles as sensitive and specific markers of a JUP mutation.[39] Additional studies have shown that immunohistochemical analysis of cardiac muscle desmosomal proteins is also a sensitive and specific diagnostic text for ARVD/ARVC.[40]

Abnormal distribution of plakoglobin due to mutations in genes encoding for Desmoglein 1 and 3 have also been implicated in Pemphigus vulgaris.[41][42]

Interactions

Plakoglobin has been shown to interact with:

• APC,[43][44]
• CTNNA1,[45][46][47]
• CTNNB1,[48][49]
• CDH1,[43][48][50][51][52]
• CDH2,[45][53]
• CDH3,[54]
• CDH5,[55][56]
• DSG2,[57][58][59]
• DSP,[60][61]
• MUC1,[62]
• PKP2,[63]
• PTPkappa (PTPRK),[64]
• PTPrho (PTPRT),[65] and
• PDLIM3.[66]

See also

• Catenin
• List of conditions caused by problems with junctional proteins

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000173801 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000001552 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Entrez Gene: JUP junction plakoglobin".
6. "Protein sequence of human JUP (Uniprot ID: P14923)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
7. Whittock NV, Eady RA, McGrath JA (Oct 2000). "Genomic organization and amplification of the human plakoglobin gene (JUP)". Experimental Dermatology. 9 (5): 323–6. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0625.2000.009005323.x. PMID 11016852. S2CID 12956044.
8. Stokes DL (Oct 2007). "Desmosomes from a structural perspective". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 19 (5): 565–71. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2007.09.003. PMC 2211412. PMID 17945476.
9. Cowin P, Kapprell HP, Franke WW, Tamkun J, Hynes RO (Sep 1986). "Plakoglobin: a protein common to different kinds of intercellular adhering junctions". Cell. 46 (7): 1063–73. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90706-3. PMID 3530498. S2CID 45332970.
10. Witcher LL, Collins R, Puttagunta S, Mechanic SE, Munson M, Gumbiner B, Cowin P (May 1996). "Desmosomal cadherin binding domains of plakoglobin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (18): 10904–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.18.10904. PMID 8631907.
11. Troyanovsky RB, Chitaev NA, Troyanovsky SM (Dec 1996). "Cadherin binding sites of plakoglobin: localization, specificity and role in targeting to adhering junctions". Journal of Cell Science. 109 (13): 3069–78. PMID 9004041.
12. Ruiz P, Brinkmann V, Ledermann B, Behrend M, Grund C, Thalhammer C, Vogel F, Birchmeier C, Günthert U, Franke WW, Birchmeier W (Oct 1996). "Targeted mutation of plakoglobin in mice reveals essential functions of desmosomes in the embryonic heart". The Journal of Cell Biology. 135 (1): 215–25. doi:10.1083/jcb.135.1.215. PMC 2121015. PMID 8858175.
13. Bierkamp C, Mclaughlin KJ, Schwarz H, Huber O, Kemler R (Dec 1996). "Embryonic heart and skin defects in mice lacking plakoglobin". Developmental Biology. 180 (2): 780–5. doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.0346. PMID 8954745.
14. Isac CM, Ruiz P, Pfitzmaier B, Haase H, Birchmeier W, Morano I (Jan 1999). "Plakoglobin is essential for myocardial compliance but dispensable for myofibril insertion into adherens junctions". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 72 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19990101)72:1<8::aid-jcb2>3.0.co;2-a. PMID 10025662.
15. Li J, Swope D, Raess N, Cheng L, Muller EJ, Radice GL (Mar 2011). "Cardiac tissue-restricted deletion of plakoglobin results in progressive cardiomyopathy and activation of {beta}-catenin signaling". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 31 (6): 1134–44. doi:10.1128/MCB.01025-10. PMC 3067899. PMID 21245375.
16. Li D, Liu Y, Maruyama M, Zhu W, Chen H, Zhang W, Reuter S, Lin SF, Haneline LS, Field LJ, Chen PS, Shou W (Dec 2011). "Restrictive loss of plakoglobin in cardiomyocytes leads to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (23): 4582–96. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr392. PMC 3209829. PMID 21880664.
17. Swope D, Cheng L, Gao E, Li J, Radice GL (Mar 2012). "Loss of cadherin-binding proteins β-catenin and plakoglobin in the heart leads to gap junction remodeling and arrhythmogenesis". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (6): 1056–67. doi:10.1128/MCB.06188-11. PMC 3295003. PMID 22252313.
18. Kodama S, Ikeda S, Asahara T, Kishida M, Kikuchi A (Sep 1999). "Axin directly interacts with plakoglobin and regulates its stability". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (39): 27682–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.39.27682. PMID 10488109.
19. Rubinfeld B, Souza B, Albert I, Munemitsu S, Polakis P (Mar 1995). "The APC protein and E-cadherin form similar but independent complexes with alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (10): 5549–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.10.5549. PMID 7890674.
20. Kikuchi A (Feb 2000). "Regulation of beta-catenin signaling in the Wnt pathway". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 268 (2): 243–8. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1860. PMID 10679188.
21. Sadot E, Simcha I, Iwai K, Ciechanover A, Geiger B, Ben-Ze'ev A (Apr 2000). "Differential interaction of plakoglobin and beta-catenin with the ubiquitin-proteasome system". Oncogene. 19 (16): 1992–2001. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203519. PMID 10803460.
22. Zhang Z, Stroud MJ, Zhang J, Fang X, Ouyang K, Kimura K, Mu Y, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Bradford WH, Peterson KL, Cheng H, Zhou X, Chen J (Apr 2015). "Normalization of Naxos plakoglobin levels restores cardiac function in mice". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (4): 1708–12. doi:10.1172/JCI80335. PMC 4396479. PMID 25705887.
23. Li D, Zhang W, Liu Y, Haneline LS, Shou W (Mar 2012). "Lack of plakoglobin in epidermis leads to keratoderma". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (13): 10435–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.299669. PMC 3322998. PMID 22315228.
24. Rampazzo A (2006). "Genetic bases of arrhythmogenic right ventricular Cardiomyopathy". Heart International. 2 (1): 17. doi:10.4081/hi.2006.17. PMC 3184660. PMID 21977247.
25. Erken H, Yariz KO, Duman D, Kaya CT, Sayin T, Heper AO, Tekin M (Oct 2011). "Cardiomyopathy with alopecia and palmoplantar keratoderma (CAPK) is caused by a JUP mutation". The British Journal of Dermatology. 165 (4): 917–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10455.x. PMID 21668431. S2CID 31241849.
26. Pigors M, Kiritsi D, Krümpelmann S, Wagner N, He Y, Podda M, Kohlhase J, Hausser I, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C (May 2011). "Lack of plakoglobin leads to lethal congenital epidermolysis bullosa: a novel clinico-genetic entity". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (9): 1811–9. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr064. PMID 21320868.
27. Cabral RM, Liu L, Hogan C, Dopping-Hepenstal PJ, Winik BC, Asial RA, Dobson R, Mein CA, Baselaga PA, Mellerio JE, Nanda A, Boente Mdel C, Kelsell DP, McGrath JA, South AP (Jun 2010). "Homozygous mutations in the 5' region of the JUP gene result in cutaneous disease but normal heart development in children". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 130 (6): 1543–50. doi:10.1038/jid.2010.7. PMID 20130592.
28. Marian AJ (2013). "On the diagnostic utility of junction plakoglobin in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy". Cardiovascular Pathology. 22 (5): 309–11. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2013.05.002. PMID 23806441.
29. Lazzarini E, Jongbloed JD, Pilichou K, Thiene G, Basso C, Bikker H, Charbon B, Swertz M, van Tintelen JP, van der Zwaag PA (Apr 2015). "The ARVD/C genetic variants database: 2014 update". Human Mutation. 36 (4): 403–10. doi:10.1002/humu.22765. PMID 25676813. S2CID 29624191.
30. Fressart V, Duthoit G, Donal E, Probst V, Deharo JC, Chevalier P, Klug D, Dubourg O, Delacretaz E, Cosnay P, Scanu P, Extramiana F, Keller D, Hidden-Lucet F, Simon F, Bessirard V, Roux-Buisson N, Hebert JL, Azarine A, Casset-Senon D, Rouzet F, Lecarpentier Y, Fontaine G, Coirault C, Frank R, Hainque B, Charron P (Jun 2010). "Desmosomal gene analysis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: spectrum of mutations and clinical impact in practice". Europace. 12 (6): 861–8. doi:10.1093/europace/euq104. PMID 20400443.
31. McNally, E; MacLeod, H; Dellefave-Castillo, L; Pagon, R. A.; Adam, M. P.; Ardinger, H. H.; Wallace, S. E.; Amemiya, A; Bean, L. J. H.; Bird, T. D.; Fong, C. T.; Mefford, H. C.; Smith, R. J. H.; Stephens, K (1993). "Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy". PMID 20301310. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
32. Bauce B, Nava A, Beffagna G, Basso C, Lorenzon A, Smaniotto G, De Bortoli M, Rigato I, Mazzotti E, Steriotis A, Marra MP, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Danieli GA, Rampazzo A (Jan 2010). "Multiple mutations in desmosomal proteins encoding genes in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia". Heart Rhythm. 7 (1): 22–9. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.09.070. PMID 20129281.
33. den Haan AD, Tan BY, Zikusoka MN, Lladó LI, Jain R, Daly A, Tichnell C, James C, Amat-Alarcon N, Abraham T, Russell SD, Bluemke DA, Calkins H, Dalal D, Judge DP (Oct 2009). "Comprehensive desmosome mutation analysis in north americans with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy". Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 2 (5): 428–35. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.858217. PMC 2801867. PMID 20031617.
34. Awad MM, Calkins H, Judge DP (May 2008). "Mechanisms of disease: molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy". Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine. 5 (5): 258–67. doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1182. PMC 2822988. PMID 18382419.
35. van Tintelen JP, Hofstra RM, Wiesfeld AC, van den Berg MP, Hauer RN, Jongbloed JD (May 2007). "Molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: emerging horizon?". Current Opinion in Cardiology. 22 (3): 185–92. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3280d942c4. PMID 17413274. S2CID 24552922.
36. Sen-Chowdhry S, Syrris P, McKenna WJ (Nov 2007). "Role of genetic analysis in the management of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 50 (19): 1813–21. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.08.008. PMID 17980246.
37. Garcia-Gras E, Lombardi R, Giocondo MJ, Willerson JT, Schneider MD, Khoury DS, Marian AJ (Jul 2006). "Suppression of canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by nuclear plakoglobin recapitulates phenotype of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (7): 2012–21. doi:10.1172/JCI27751. PMC 1483165. PMID 16823493.
38. Lombardi R, Marian AJ (May 2010). "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a disease of cardiac stem cells". Current Opinion in Cardiology. 25 (3): 222–8. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283376daf. PMC 2980568. PMID 20124997.
39. Antoniades L, Tsatsopoulou A, Anastasakis A, Syrris P, Asimaki A, Panagiotakos D, Zambartas C, Stefanadis C, McKenna WJ, Protonotarios N (Sep 2006). "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by deletions in plakophilin-2 and plakoglobin (Naxos disease) in families from Greece and Cyprus: genotype-phenotype relations, diagnostic features and prognosis". European Heart Journal. 27 (18): 2208–16. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl184. PMID 16893920.
40. van Tintelen JP, Hauer RN (Jul 2009). "Cardiomyopathies: New test for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy". Nature Reviews. Cardiology. 6 (7): 450–1. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.97. PMID 19554004.
41. Lo Muzio L, Pannone G, Staibano S, Mignogna MD, Rubini C, Ruocco E, De Rosa G, Sciubba JJ (Oct 2001). "A possible role of catenin dyslocalization in pemphigus vulgaris pathogenesis". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 28 (9): 460–9. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.028009460.x. PMID 11553312. S2CID 34380290.
42. Mignogna MD, Pannone G, Lo Muzio L, Staibano S, Bucci E (May 2001). "Catenin dislocation in oral pemphigus vulgaris". Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 30 (5): 268–74. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2001.300503.x. PMID 11334462.
43. Shibata T, Gotoh M, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S (Aug 1994). "Association of plakoglobin with APC, a tumor suppressor gene product, and its regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 203 (1): 519–22. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2213. PMID 8074697.
44. Daniel JM, Reynolds AB (Sep 1995). "The tyrosine kinase substrate p120cas binds directly to E-cadherin but not to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein or alpha-catenin". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (9): 4819–24. doi:10.1128/mcb.15.9.4819. PMC 230726. PMID 7651399.
45. Sacco PA, McGranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR (Aug 1995). "Identification of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (34): 20201–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.20201. PMID 7650039.
46. Roe S, Koslov ER, Rimm DL (Jun 1998). "A mutation in alpha-catenin disrupts adhesion in clone A cells without perturbing its actin and beta-catenin binding activity". Cell Adhesion and Communication. 5 (4): 283–96. doi:10.3109/15419069809040298. PMID 9762469.
47. Obama H, Ozawa M (Apr 1997). "Identification of the domain of alpha-catenin involved in its association with beta-catenin and plakoglobin (gamma-catenin)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (17): 11017–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.17.11017. PMID 9110993.
48. Hazan RB, Norton L (Apr 1998). "The epidermal growth factor receptor modulates the interaction of E-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (15): 9078–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.15.9078. PMID 9535896.
49. Kucerová D, Sloncová E, Tuhácková Z, Vojtechová M, Sovová V (Dec 2001). "Expression and interaction of different catenins in colorectal carcinoma cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 8 (6): 695–8. doi:10.3892/ijmm.8.6.695. PMID 11712088.
50. Kinch MS, Clark GJ, Der CJ, Burridge K (Jul 1995). "Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the adhesions of ras-transformed breast epithelia". The Journal of Cell Biology. 130 (2): 461–71. doi:10.1083/jcb.130.2.461. PMC 2199929. PMID 7542250.
51. Hinck L, Näthke IS, Papkoff J, Nelson WJ (Jun 1994). "Dynamics of cadherin/catenin complex formation: novel protein interactions and pathways of complex assembly". The Journal of Cell Biology. 125 (6): 1327–40. doi:10.1083/jcb.125.6.1327. PMC 2290923. PMID 8207061.
52. Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ (Aug 1992). "Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 118 (3): 671–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.118.3.671. PMC 2289540. PMID 1639850.
53. Straub BK, Boda J, Kuhn C, Schnoelzer M, Korf U, Kempf T, Spring H, Hatzfeld M, Franke WW (Dec 2003). "A novel cell-cell junction system: the cortex adhaerens mosaic of lens fiber cells". Journal of Cell Science. 116 (Pt 24): 4985–95. doi:10.1242/jcs.00815. PMID 14625392.
54. Klingelhöfer J, Troyanovsky RB, Laur OY, Troyanovsky S (Aug 2000). "Amino-terminal domain of classic cadherins determines the specificity of the adhesive interactions". Journal of Cell Science. 113 (16): 2829–36. PMID 10910767.
55. Lewalle JM, Bajou K, Desreux J, Mareel M, Dejana E, Noël A, Foidart JM (Dec 1997). "Alteration of interendothelial adherens junctions following tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction in vitro". Experimental Cell Research. 237 (2): 347–56. doi:10.1006/excr.1997.3799. PMID 9434630.
56. Shasby DM, Ries DR, Shasby SS, Winter MC (Jun 2002). "Histamine stimulates phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and alters their link to vimentin". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 282 (6): L1330–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1000.5266. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00329.2001. PMID 12003790.
57. Bannon LJ, Cabrera BL, Stack MS, Green KJ (Nov 2001). "Isoform-specific differences in the size of desmosomal cadherin/catenin complexes". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 117 (5): 1302–6. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01512.x. PMID 11710948.
58. Nieset JE, Sacco-Bubulya PA, Sadler TM, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ (May 2000). "The amino- and carboxyl-terminal tails of (beta)-catenin reduce its affinity for desmoglein 2". Journal of Cell Science. 113 (10): 1737–45. PMID 10769205.
59. Ozawa M, Terada H, Pedraza C (Nov 1995). "The fourth armadillo repeat of plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) is required for its high affinity binding to the cytoplasmic domains of E-cadherin and desmosomal cadherin Dsg2, and the tumor suppressor APC protein". Journal of Biochemistry. 118 (5): 1077–82. doi:10.1093/jb/118.5.1077. PMID 8749329.
60. Kowalczyk AP, Navarro P, Dejana E, Bornslaeger EA, Green KJ, Kopp DS, Borgwardt JE (Oct 1998). "VE-cadherin and desmoplakin are assembled into dermal microvascular endothelial intercellular junctions: a pivotal role for plakoglobin in the recruitment of desmoplakin to intercellular junctions". Journal of Cell Science. 111 (20): 3045–57. PMID 9739078.
61. Kowalczyk AP, Bornslaeger EA, Borgwardt JE, Palka HL, Dhaliwal AS, Corcoran CM, Denning MF, Green KJ (Nov 1997). "The amino-terminal domain of desmoplakin binds to plakoglobin and clusters desmosomal cadherin-plakoglobin complexes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 139 (3): 773–84. doi:10.1083/jcb.139.3.773. PMC 2141713. PMID 9348293.
62. Li Y, Yu WH, Ren J, Chen W, Huang L, Kharbanda S, Loda M, Kufe D (Aug 2003). "Heregulin targets gamma-catenin to the nucleolus by a mechanism dependent on the DF3/MUC1 oncoprotein". Molecular Cancer Research. 1 (10): 765–75. PMID 12939402.
63. Chen X, Bonne S, Hatzfeld M, van Roy F, Green KJ (Mar 2002). "Protein binding and functional characterization of plakophilin 2. Evidence for its diverse roles in desmosomes and beta -catenin signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (12): 10512–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108765200. PMID 11790773.
64. Fuchs M, Müller T, Lerch MM, Ullrich A (Jul 1996). "Association of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase kappa with members of the armadillo family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (28): 16712–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.28.16712. PMID 8663237.
65. Besco JA, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Frostholm A, Rotter A (Oct 2006). "Intracellular substrates of brain-enriched receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase rho (RPTPrho/PTPRT)". Brain Research. 1116 (1): 50–7. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.122. PMID 16973135. S2CID 23343123.
66. Pashmforoush M, Pomiès P, Peterson KL, Kubalak S, Ross J, Hefti A, Aebi U, Beckerle MC, Chien KR (May 2001). "Adult mice deficient in actinin-associated LIM-domain protein reveal a developmental pathway for right ventricular cardiomyopathy". Nature Medicine. 7 (5): 591–7. doi:10.1038/87920. PMID 11329061. S2CID 1781328.

Further reading

• Cowin P, Kapprell HP, Franke WW, Tamkun J, Hynes RO (Sep 1986). "Plakoglobin: a protein common to different kinds of intercellular adhering junctions". Cell. 46 (7): 1063–73. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90706-3. PMID 3530498. S2CID 45332970.
• Franke WW, Goldschmidt MD, Zimbelmann R, Mueller HM, Schiller DL, Cowin P (Jun 1989). "Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of human plakoglobin, the common junctional plaque protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (11): 4027–31. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.4027F. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.11.4027. PMC 287381. PMID 2726765.
• Mathur M, Goodwin L, Cowin P (May 1994). "Interactions of the cytoplasmic domain of the desmosomal cadherin Dsg1 with plakoglobin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (19): 14075–80. PMID 8188687.
• Beavon IR (Aug 2000). "The E-cadherin-catenin complex in tumour metastasis: structure, function and regulation". European Journal of Cancer. 36 (13 Spec No): 1607–20. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00158-1. PMID 10959047.
• Wilson PD (Apr 2001). "Polycystin: new aspects of structure, function, and regulation". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 12 (4): 834–45. PMID 11274246.
• Protonotarios NI, Tsatsopoulou AA, Gatzoulis KA (Feb 2002). "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by a deletion in plakoglobin (Naxos disease)". Cardiac Electrophysiology Review. 6 (1–2): 72–80. doi:10.1023/A:1017943323473. PMID 11984022.
• Knudsen KA, Wheelock MJ (Aug 1992). "Plakoglobin, or an 83-kD homologue distinct from beta-catenin, interacts with E-cadherin and N-cadherin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 118 (3): 671–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.118.3.671. PMC 2289540. PMID 1639850.
• Arnemann J, Spurr NK, Wheeler GN, Parker AE, Buxton RS (Jul 1991). "Chromosomal assignment of the human genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome junction, desmoglein DGI (DSG), desmocollins DGII/III (DSC), desmoplakins DPI/II (DSP), and plakoglobin DPIII (JUP)". Genomics. 10 (3): 640–5. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90446-L. PMID 1889810.
• Kinch MS, Clark GJ, Der CJ, Burridge K (Jul 1995). "Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the adhesions of ras-transformed breast epithelia". The Journal of Cell Biology. 130 (2): 461–71. doi:10.1083/jcb.130.2.461. PMC 2199929. PMID 7542250.
• Aberle H, Bierkamp C, Torchard D, Serova O, Wagner T, Natt E, Wirsching J, Heidkämper C, Montagna M, Lynch HT (Jul 1995). "The human plakoglobin gene localizes on chromosome 17q21 and is subjected to loss of heterozygosity in breast and ovarian cancers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (14): 6384–8. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6384A. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6384. PMC 41522. PMID 7604000.
• Sacco PA, McGranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR (Aug 1995). "Identification of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (34): 20201–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.34.20201. PMID 7650039.
• Daniel JM, Reynolds AB (Sep 1995). "The tyrosine kinase substrate p120cas binds directly to E-cadherin but not to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein or alpha-catenin". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (9): 4819–24. doi:10.1128/mcb.15.9.4819. PMC 230726. PMID 7651399.
• Kanai Y, Ochiai A, Shibata T, Oyama T, Ushijima S, Akimoto S, Hirohashi S (Mar 1995). "c-erbB-2 gene product directly associates with beta-catenin and plakoglobin". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 208 (3): 1067–72. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1443. PMID 7702605.
• Roh JY, Stanley JR (May 1995). "Plakoglobin binding by human Dsg3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) in keratinocytes requires the cadherin-like intracytoplasmic segment". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 104 (5): 720–4. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606963. PMID 7738346.
• Shibamoto S, Hayakawa M, Takeuchi K, Hori T, Miyazawa K, Kitamura N, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ, Matsuyoshi N, Takeichi M (Mar 1995). "Association of p120, a tyrosine kinase substrate, with E-cadherin/catenin complexes". The Journal of Cell Biology. 128 (5): 949–57. doi:10.1083/jcb.128.5.949. PMC 2120395. PMID 7876318.
• Rubinfeld B, Souza B, Albert I, Munemitsu S, Polakis P (Mar 1995). "The APC protein and E-cadherin form similar but independent complexes with alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (10): 5549–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.10.5549. PMID 7890674.
• Troyanovsky SM, Troyanovsky RB, Eshkind LG, Leube RE, Franke WW (Nov 1994). "Identification of amino acid sequence motifs in desmocollin, a desmosomal glycoprotein, that are required for plakoglobin binding and plaque formation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (23): 10790–4. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9110790T. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.10790. PMC 45111. PMID 7971964.
• Shibata T, Gotoh M, Ochiai A, Hirohashi S (Aug 1994). "Association of plakoglobin with APC, a tumor suppressor gene product, and its regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 203 (1): 519–22. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2213. PMID 8074697.
• Hinck L, Näthke IS, Papkoff J, Nelson WJ (Jun 1994). "Dynamics of cadherin/catenin complex formation: novel protein interactions and pathways of complex assembly". The Journal of Cell Biology. 125 (6): 1327–40. doi:10.1083/jcb.125.6.1327. PMC 2290923. PMID 8207061.
• Arnemann J, Sullivan KH, Magee AI, King IA, Buxton RS (Mar 1993). "Stratification-related expression of isoforms of the desmosomal cadherins in human epidermis". Journal of Cell Science. 104 (3): 741–50. PMID 8314871.
• Ozawa M, Nuruki K, Toyoyama H, Ohi Y (Oct 1995). "Cloning of an alternative form of plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) lacking the fourth armadillo repeat". Journal of Biochemistry. 118 (4): 836–40. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124988. PMID 8576101.
• Fuchs M, Müller T, Lerch MM, Ullrich A (Jul 1996). "Association of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase kappa with members of the armadillo family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (28): 16712–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.28.16712. PMID 8663237.

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant
• OMIM entries on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant
• gamma-Catenin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)