Religion in Austria

Christianity is the predominant religion in Austria. At the 2001 census, 73.6% of the country's population was Catholic.[5] As of 2018, the number of Catholics has dropped to 56.9% of the population, according to data provided by the Austrian Catholic Church itself.[3] There is a much smaller group of Evangelicals, totalling about 4.7% of the population in 2001, shrunk to 3.3% in 2018.[6] Since 2001, these two historically dominant religious groups in Austria recorded losses in the number of adherents. The Catholic Church reported an absolute drop of 15.7%, the Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed churches of 1.3%. In relative numbers the losses of the smaller Evangelical churches account for 33.7%, compared to Catholic losses which account for 21.9%, since their maximum in 1971.

Religion in Austria (2018)[1][2][3][4]

  Catholic Church (56.9%)
  Eastern Orthodoxy (8.8%)
  Protestantism (3.3%)
  Islam (7.9%)
  Buddhism (0.3%)
  Unaffiliated (22.7%)
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Cathedral of Saints Rupert and Vergilius in Salzburg

In contrast, due to immigration, the number of Muslims in Austria has increased in recent years, with 4.2% of the population calling themselves Muslim in 2001, up to around 5% to 6.2% in 2010,[7][8] and to 7.9% in 2016[9] - represented especially by immigrants from Turkey and the Balkans (Bosnia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, south Bulgaria, Western Thrace etc). Pentecostalism churches also had an important growth thanks to immigration from Sub-saharan Africa (Ghana, Kenya, Zambia, Nigeria,Congo etc). Eastern Orthodox churches have also grown rapidly (up to 8.8% of the population) in recent years, mainly due to immigration of Serbs from the former Yugoslavia (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia) and Romanians.[4] There are also minor communities of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jews, and other religions in Austria.[10][11]

History
Much of eastern Austria adopted Lutheranism until counterreformational efforts changed it in the late 16th century.

The Protestant Reformation spread from northern Germany to Austria. By the Council of Trent in 1545, almost half of the Austrian population had converted to Lutheranism, while a minority also endorsed Calvinism. Eastern Austria was more affected by this phenomenon than western Austria. After 1545, Austria was recatholicized in the Counter Reformation. The Habsburgs imposed a strict regime to restore the influence of the Catholic Church among Austrians and their campaign proved successful. The Habsburgs for a long time viewed themselves as the vanguard of Catholicism, while all the other Christian confessions and religions were repressed.

In 1775, Maria Theresa gave official permission to the Mechitarist Congregation of the Armenian Catholic Church to settle in the Habsburg Empire.

In 1781, in the era of Austrian enlightenment, Emperor Joseph II issued a Patent of Tolerance for Austria that allowed other confessions a limited freedom of worship. Religious freedom was declared a constitutional right in Cisleithania after the Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich in 1867, thus paying tribute to the fact that the monarchy was home to numerous religions besides Catholicism such as Greek, Serbian, Romanian, Russian, and Bulgarian Orthodox Christians (Austria neighboured the Ottoman Empire for centuries), both Calvinist and Lutheran Protestants, and Jews. In 1912, after the annexation of Bosnia Hercegovina in 1908, Islam was officially recognised in Austria.[12]

The Austrian Jewish community of 1938—Vienna alone counted more than 200,000—was reduced to around 4,500 during the Second World War, with about 65,000 Jewish Austrians killed in the Holocaust and 130,000 emigrating.[13] The large majority of the current Jewish population are post-war immigrants, particularly from eastern Europe and central Asia (including Bukharan Jews).[14] Buddhism was legally recognised as a religion in Austria in 1983.[15]

Austria was greatly affected by the Protestant Reformation, to a point where a significant part of the population became Protestant. Lutheranism was the most successful Protestant confession; that was the case among other German-speaking populations across the Holy Roman Empire and Austria was indeed one of them. Calvinism did not receive that much support. The prominent position of the Habsburgs in the Counter-Reformation, however, saw Protestantism all but wiped out beginning in 1545, restoring Catholicism as the dominant religion once more.

The significant Jewish population (around 200,000 in 1938), mainly residing in Vienna, was reduced to just a couple of thousand through mass emigration in 1938 (more than 2/3 of the Jewish population emigrated from 1938 until 1941), and the following Holocaust during the Nazi period. Immigration in more recent years, primarily from Turkey and the former Yugoslavia, has led to an increased number of Muslims and Serbian Orthodox Christians.[11] As in other European countries, there has been a growth of Pagan movements in Austria in recent years.

Religions
Letzehof Buddhist Monastery at Feldkirch, in Vorarlberg.
St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.
The Lutheran Christuskirche (Church of Christ) in Salzburg.
A mosque in Telfs.
The Temple of Apollo at Hundstalsee, built by local artists in honour of the Greek god Apollo.

Catholic Church
Main article: Catholic Church in Austria

Catholicism is the largest religion in Austria, representing 57.9%[3] of the total population in 2017. The Catholic Church's governing body in Austria is the Austrian Conference of Catholic Bishops, made up of the hierarchy of the two archbishops (Wien, Salzburg), the bishops and the abbot of territorial abbey of Wettingen-Mehrerau. Nevertheless, each bishop is independent in his own diocese, answerable only to the Pope. The current president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, who belongs to the Central European noble family of Schönborn. Although Austria has no primate, the archbishop of Salzburg is titled Primus Germaniae (Primate of Germany).

The organization Call to Disobedience (Aufruf zum Ungehorsam) is an Austrian movement mainly composed of dissident Catholic priests which started in 2006. The movement claims the support of the majority of Austrian Catholic priests and favours ordination of women, married and non-celibate priesthood, allowing Holy Communion to remarried divorcees and non-Catholics in contrast to teachings of the Catholic Magisterium.

Orthodox Christianity
Main article: Eastern Orthodoxy in Austria

Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches grew over the last decades due to the coming of South Slavic immigrants from the Balkans to Austria. The largest group of Eastern Orthodox in Austria are Serbs. The Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences estimated in that there were 397,219 Eastern Orthodox Christians in Austria in 2016, representing the 4.6% of the total population.

Protestantism

The Protestant Reformation spread from northern Germany to Austria. By the Council of Trent in 1545, almost half of the Austrian population had converted to Lutheranism, while a much smaller minority also endorsed Calvinism. Eastern Austria was more affected by this phenomenon than western Austria. After 1545, Austria was recatholicized in the Counter Reformation. The Habsburgs imposed a strict regime to restore the influence of the Catholic Church among Austrians and their campaign proved successful; the Habsburgs for a long time viewed themselves as the vanguard of Catholicism, while all the other Christian confessions and religions were suppressed.

Protestantism reached a peak percentage of 6.2% by 1951 for the first time in Austrian history since the success of the Counter-Reformation. Currently, it claims around 3.5% of the population. Austrian Protestants are overwhelmingly Lutheran (3.4%), with a small Reformed community (0.1%). New arriving Protestant churches are growing in membership, especially Evangelical Protestants and Pentecostals, a study from the Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences found that there were an estimate of 412,423 Protestants of all types in Austria in 2016.[9]

Lutheranism

The Lutheran Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria has about 300,000 (3.4%) members.[6]

Calvinism

The Reformed Church in Austria, a Calvinist body, has roughly 13,590 members.

Islam
Main article: Islam in Austria

Due to immigration, especially from the Balkans and Turkey, the number of Muslims in Austria has grown exponentially over the latest decades, with an estimated number of Muslims of 686,599, or 7.9% of the total population as of 2016, up from 4.2% in 2001.[8][1][9]

Number of Muslims in Austria
Year Absolute number Percentage Source
1981 76,939 1.0% [16]
1991 158,776 2.0% [16]
2001 345,906 4.1% [8]
2009 515,914 6.2% [8]
2016 686,599 7.9% [9]

Buddhism
Main article: Buddhism in Austria

Buddhism is a legally recognized religion in Austria and it is followed by thousands of people. Although still small in absolute numbers (10,402 at the 2001 census), Buddhism enjoys widespread acceptance in Austria. A majority of Buddhists in the country are Austrian nationals (some of them naturalized after immigration from Asia, predominantly from China and Vietnam), while a considerable number of them are foreign nationals.

As in most European countries, different branches and schools of Buddhism are represented by groups of varying sizes. Vienna not only has the largest number of foreign residents, but is also the place with the longest tradition of Buddhism in the country. Most of Austria's Buddhist temples and centres of practice can be found there; some with a specific Chinese, Vietnamese, Tibetan or Japanese appearance. The latest development has been the establishment of a "Buddhist cemetery" around a stupa-like building for funeral ceremonies at the Vienna Central Cemetery.

Hinduism
Main article: Hinduism in Austria

Hinduism is a minority religion in Austria, and according to the 2001 census, it was the religion of 3629 people. Since 1998, the 'Hindu Community in Austria' (HRÖ), the official representative of Hindus in Austria, has been able to call itself an 'Official registered confessional community', yet does not enjoy full legal recognition from the state.[17]

Paganism

Austria has seen a growth of Pagan movements in recent years, especially Druidic (Druidentum), but also Germanic Heathen (Heidentum), Wiccan and Witchcraft (Hexentum) groups. As of 2010 Austrian motorway authorities have been hiring Druids for geomantic works intended to reduce the number of accidents on the worst stretches of Austrian speedways.[18][19]

Celtic Neopaganism and Neo-Druids are particularly popular in Austria, by virtue of Austria being the location of the proto-Celtic Hallstatt culture. The Keltendorf in Diex, Kärnten combines archaeological reconstruction with "European geomancy". The Europäische Keltische Gemeinschaft has been active since 1998.

Statistics

In 1910, 93.7% of the Austrian population was Catholic, 3.1% was Protestant, 2.9% was Jewish, 0.3% was placed in other religious categories.[20]

Main denominations in Austria[21][22][23]
Year Population Catholics Percentage Protestants[24] Percentage
19516,933,9056,170,08489.0%429,4936.2%
19617,073,8076,295,07589.0%438,6636.2%
19717,491,5266,548,31687.4%447,0706.0%
19817,555,3386,372,64584.3%423,1625.6%
19917,795,7866,081,45478.0%388,7095.0%
20018,032,9265,915,42173.6%376,1504.7%
20118,408,1215,403,72264.3%319,7523.8%
20128,451,8605,359,15163.4%325,9053.9%
20138,507,7865,308,51562.4%313,3523.7%
20148,584,9265,265,37861.4%309,1583.6%
20158,700,4715,211,23859.9%306,1833.5%
20168,773,6865,162,62258.8%301,7293.4%
20178,823,0545,112,330[3]57.9%296,3383.4%
20188,859,9925,053,07457.0%292,5973.3%
20194,980,000[25]

The Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences estimated in a study published in August 2017 the religious affiliation of Austria and Vienna as of 2016, and then they projected the situation to 2046, showing different immigration scenarios.[9] In order to do this, the 2016 population has been reconstructed by applying projection techniques and using the information collected in the 2001 census as basis, and taking into account components of population change, namely migration, fertility, mortality, and religious mobility between 2001 and 2015.[9] The results were the following:

Religions in Austria (2016)[9]
Religion Absolute Percent Bar chart
Christianity 6,373,193 73.6 73.6
 
Catholicism 5,563,551 64.2 64.2
 
Protestantism 412,423 4.8 4.8
 
Eastern Orthodoxy 397,219 4.6 4.6
 
No religion 1,460,339 16.9 16.9
 
Islam 686,599 7.9 7.9
 
Other religions 142,062 1.6 1.6
 
Total population 8,662,193 100 100
 

Changes in church adherence and attendance

Since the second half of the 20th century, the number of churchgoers and people identifying as Catholics and Protestants has dropped (cf. tables).

According to the 2010 Eurobarometer Poll,[26] based on a limited sample:

  • 44% of Austrian citizens responded "they believe there is a God".
  • 38% answered "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force".
  • 12% answered "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".

See also

Notes
  1. WZ-Recherche 2016. Published in article: "Staat und Religion". Wiener Zeitung, January 2016.
  2. "Anzahl der Gläubigen von Religionen in Österreich im Zeitraum 2012 bis 2017". Statista – Das Statistik-Portal.
  3. Austrian Catholic Church data 2017
  4. "In Österreich leben mehr Orthodoxe als Muslime". 13 September 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  5. "Religion in Austria on CIA World Factbook". Retrieved December 13, 2006.
  6. "Zahlen und Fakten" [Numbers and Facts]. Evangelical Church in Austria. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  7. "How many Muslims live in Austria?". euro-islam.info. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  8. Mathias Vogl; Alexander Janda, eds. (2010). "Islam in Österreich" [Islam in Austria] (PDF). Österreichischer Integrationsfonds (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2014.
  9. Goujon, Anne; Jurasszovich, Sandra; Potančoková, Michaela (August 2017). "Religious denominations in Austria" (PDF). Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences: 102.
  10. "Religion in Austria on CIA World Factbook". Retrieved April 21, 2007.
  11. "Religion in Austria on Sacred Destinations". Archived from the original on 2006-05-23. Retrieved April 21, 2007.
  12. "Imperial Gazette −1912". IGGIO Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Osterreich. 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  13. Expulsion, Deportation and Murder – History of the Jews in Vienna Vienna Webservice
  14. Bukharian Jews find homes on Long Island, Bukharian Reviews, 16 September 2004
  15. "Religionsbekenntnis". AEIOU. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
  16. Elsaidy, Amro (2014). "Muslimische Jugendliche in Österreich am Beispiel Graz: Ein Leben zwischen Moschee und Diskothek" (PDF). Universität Wien: 39.
  17. "HRÖ - Our History". Hroe.at. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  18. Druids cut death toll with divine intervention. The Telegraph.
  19. Motorway druids tackle road accidents. Austrian Times.
  20. Grundriss der Statistik. II. Gesellschaftsstatistik by Wilhelm Winkler, p. 36
  21. "Bevölkerung nach dem Religionsbekenntnis und Bundesländern 1951 bis 2001" [Population by religious denomination and Federal State from 1951 to 2001] (PDF) (in German). Statistical Office of Austria. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  22. "Katholische Kirche Österreich: Statistik" [Catholic Church Austria: Statistics] (in German). Katholisch.at. Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  23. "Statistical Data 2001–2016" (in German). Evang.at. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  24. Only Evangelical Lutherans & Evangelical Reformed
  26. "Special Eurobarometer 73.1: Biotechnology Report" (PDF). European Commission. October 2010. p. 383. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2010.

Further reading
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