List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology

This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) comprehensively shows the alumni, faculty members as well as researchers of Massachusetts Institute of Technology who were awarded the Nobel Prize or the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Nobel Prizes, established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, are awarded to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine.[1] An associated prize, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics), was instituted by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, in 1968 and first awarded in 1969.[2]

The Great Dome at MIT. As of October 2020, 97 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with MIT.

As of October 2020, 97 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with MIT. Among the 97 laureates, 62 are Nobel laureates in natural sciences;[lower-alpha 1] 40 are MIT alumni (graduates and attendees) and 37 have been long-term academic members of the MIT faculty; and, subject-wise, 34 laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physics and in Economics, respectively, more than any other subject.[lower-alpha 2] No MIT Nobel laureate has won the Nobel Prize in Literature. This list considers Nobel laureates as equal individuals and does not consider their various prize shares or if they received the prize more than once.[3]

Inclusion criteria

General rules
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The affiliations of Massachusetts Institute of Technology in this list include all the official academic affiliations such as official academic employment and degree programs of the university. The official academic affiliations include alumni (graduates and attendees), long-term faculty members, and short-term academic staff.

Graduates are defined as those who hold bachelor's, master's, doctorate, or equivalent degrees from MIT, while attendees are those who formally enrolled in a degree program at MIT but did not complete the program. All MIT degrees have been earned by academic labor, in that MIT has never awarded honorary degrees in any form.[4] Summer attendees, exchange students, and auditing students are excluded from this list. Those who hold certificates or studied as non-degree students at MIT are also excluded.

The long-term faculty members consist of tenure or tenure-track and equivalent academic positions, while short-term academic staff consist of lecturers (without tenure), postdoctoral researchers (postdocs), visiting professors or scholars (visitors), and equivalent academic positions. At MIT, the specific academic title solely determines the type of affiliation, regardless of the actual time the position was held by a laureate.

Further explanations on visitors under short-term academic staff are presented as follows. 1) All informal or personal visits are excluded from the list; 2) all employment-based visiting positions, which carry teaching or research duties, are included as affiliations in the list; and, 3) as for award or honor-based visiting positions, to minimize controversy this list takes a conservative view and includes the positions as affiliations only if the laureates were required to assume employment-level duty (teaching or research) or the laureates specifically classified the visiting positions as "affiliation" or similar in reliable sources such as their curriculum vita. To be specific, visiting positions such as the "Arthur D. Little Memorial Visiting Lectureship" are awards or honors or recognition without employment-level duty, and thus will not be counted in this list.[5] In case of "Arthur D. Little Visiting Professorship", visiting professors do spend several weeks on campus, but the professorship does not require inherent employment-level duty,[6] and thus are generally excluded from this list. In some cases, Arthur D. Little visiting professors do get involved in teaching or research; in such cases, they are included. In particular, attending meetings and giving public lectures, talks or non-curricular seminars is not a form of employment-level duty. This list also exclude those who held non-academic positions (for instance, advisory committee, administrative staff, etc.) at MIT. Finally, summer visitors are generally excluded from the list unless summer work yielded significant end products such as research publications and components of Nobel-winning work, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years.

Some attendees and visitors not qualified as official academic affiliates
Name Nobel Prize Year Role in MIT
Mario Capecchi Physiology or Medicine 2007 Mario Capecchi was an undergraduate student at Antioch College, which had "work-study program"; as a student of Antioch, he spent several quarters at MIT.[7] This program was not a degree program and is equivalent to a student-exchange program.
Donald J. Cram Chemistry 1987 Postdoctoral Researcher for three months during the Summer term of 1947[8][9]
William A. Fowler Physics 1983 William Fowler was a visiting professor during the months of March and May of 1966.[10][11][12] He delivered a series of lectures "Nuclear Astrophysics and Geophysics";[13] it was not a university-level course.
Ernst Otto Fischer Chemistry 1973 Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor (Spring 1973)[14]
Derek Barton Chemistry 1969 Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor (Spring 1958; he held the professorship for five weeks)[15][16]
Max Born Physics 1954 Visiting lecturer at MIT and California Institute of Technology from mid-November 1925 to mid-January 1926[lower-alpha 3]

Affiliated organizations

This list does not include Nobel-winning organizations or any individuals affiliated with those organizations. It also doesn't include affiliates of institutions that later merged and became part of MIT.

  • The MIT Radiation Laboratory was established on October 11, 1940 and was officially terminated on December 31, 1945.[20][21] This war-time laboratory was funded and overseen by Alfred Lee Loomis, whose wartime role was the head of Radar Division of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC).[22][23] Lee Alvin DuBridge, the 2nd President of California Institute of Technology, was the director of the lab, and Nobel laureate Isidor Isaac Rabi was the associate director.[24][25] The lab was primarily responsible for the research and development of radar and microwave technology.[20][21] As the Radiation Laboratory was not managed by or affiliated with the military, Nobel laureates who were affiliated with this war-time lab as researchers are generally considered as academic affiliates of MIT and thus are included in this list.[26] Exceptions include those who held military positions (non-academic) in the lab and those who participated only in military projects.
  • The MIT Lincoln Laboratory was established in 1951, with its roots in the MIT Radiation lab.[27] Nobel laureates who were affiliates of this lab as researchers are generally considered as academic affiliates of MIT and thus are included in this list. Exceptions include those who held military positions (non-academic) in the lab and those who participated only in military projects.
Visitors and staff not qualified as official academic affiliates
Name Nobel Prize Year Role in MIT
Arthur Ashkin Physics 2018 Staff Member at MIT Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University Satellite (1942–1946)[lower-alpha 4]
Paul Greengard Physiology or Medicine 2000 Electronics technician from U.S. Navy (military, non-academic) at MIT during World War II[29][30]
Jack Steinberger Physics 1988 Jack Steinberger was a war-time military researcher from U.S. Army at MIT Radiation Lab (1942–1944) during World War II;[31] while at MIT, he also took some physics courses as a non-degree student.[32]
Willis Lamb Physics 1955 Researcher at MIT Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University Satellite (1943–1945)[lower-alpha 5]
Edwin McMillan Chemistry 1951 Researcher working on military work at MIT Radiation Lab (1940–1941) during World War II[36][37][38]

Summary
See also: List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

All types of affiliations, namely alumni, long-term and short-term academic staff, count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.[lower-alpha 6]

In the following table, the number following a person's name is the year they received the prize; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at MIT (including emeritus staff).[lower-alpha 7] A name underlined implies that this person has already been listed in a previous category (i.e., multiple affiliations).

Category Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Total: 97 40 37 39
Physics (34)
  1. Andrea M. Ghez - 2020
  2. Rainer Weiss - 2017
  3. Adam Riess - 2011
  4. George Smoot- 2006
  5. Carl Wieman - 2001
  6. Eric Cornell - 2001
  7. Robert Laughlin - 1998
  8. William D. Phillips - 1997
  9. Henry W. Kendall - 1990
  10. Burton Richter - 1976
  11. John Schrieffer- 1972
  12. Murray Gell-Mann - 1969
  13. Richard Feynman - 1965
  14. William Shockley - 1956
  1. Rainer Weiss - 2017*
  2. Frank Wilczek - 2004*
  3. Wolfgang Ketterle - 2001*
  4. Clifford Shull - 1994*
  5. Henry W. Kendall - 1990*
  6. Jerome I. Friedman - 1990*
  7. Steven Weinberg - 1979
  8. Samuel Ting - 1976*
  9. Charles Townes - 1964*
  1. Didier Queloz - 2019
  2. Serge Haroche - 2012
  3. Daniel Tsui - 1998
  4. Horst Störmer - 1998
  5. William D. Phillips - 1997
  6. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji - 1997
  7. Norman Ramsey - 1989
  8. Sheldon Glashow - 1979
  9. Steven Weinberg - 1979
  10. Murray Gell-Mann - 1969
  11. Luis W. Alvarez - 1968
  12. Hans Bethe - 1967
  13. Julian Schwinger - 1965
  14. Donald Glaser - 1960
  15. Edward M. Purcell - 1952
  16. Isidor Rabi - 1944
Chemistry (16)
  1. Paul Modrich - 2015
  2. Elias Corey - 1990
  3. Sidney Altman - 1989
  4. Charles Pedersen - 1987
  5. Robert Mulliken - 1966
  6. Robert B. Woodward - 1965
  1. John B. Goodenough - 2019
  2. Richard Schrock - 2005*
  3. Barry Sharpless - 2001
  4. Mario Molina - 1995*
  1. Ada Yonath - 2009
  2. Aaron Ciechanover - 2004
  3. Thomas Cech - 1989
  4. Alexander R. Todd - 1957
  5. Geoffrey Wilkinson - 1951
  6. Peter Debye - 1936
Physiology or Medicine (12)
  1. Michael Rosbash - 2017
  2. Andrew Fire - 2006
  3. Robert Horvitz - 2002
  4. Leland Hartwell - 2001
  5. David Baltimore - 1975
  1. Robert Horvitz - 2002*
  2. Phillip Sharp - 1993*
  3. Susumu Tonegawa - 1987*
  4. David Baltimore - 1975*
  5. Salvador Luria - 1969*
  6. Gobind Khorana- 1968
  1. James Rothman - 2013
  2. Donnall Thomas - 1990
  3. Werner Arber- 1978
  4. David Baltimore - 1975
Economic Sciences (34)
  1. Esther Duflo - 2019
  2. Paul Romer - 2018
  3. William Nordhaus - 2018
  4. Jean Tirole - 2014
  5. Robert Shiller - 2013
  6. Peter Diamond - 2010
  7. Oliver Williamson - 2009
  8. Paul Krugman - 2008
  9. Robert Aumann - 2005
  10. George Akerlof - 2001
  11. Joseph Stiglitz - 2001
  12. Robert Mundell - 1999
  13. Robert C. Merton - 1997
  14. Lawrence Klein - 1980
  1. Esther Duflo - 2019*
  2. Abhijit Banerjee - 2019*
  3. Michael Kremer - 2019
  4. Bengt Holmström - 2016*
  5. Oliver S. Hart - 2016
  6. Jean Tirole - 2014
  7. Peter Diamond - 2010*
  8. Paul Krugman - 2008
  9. Eric Maskin- 2007
  10. Robert Engle - 2003
  11. Joseph Stiglitz - 2001
  12. Daniel McFadden - 2000
  13. Myron Scholes - 1997
  14. Robert C. Merton - 1997
  15. John F. Nash - 1994
  16. Robert Solow - 1987*
  17. Franco Modigliani - 1985*
  18. Paul Samuelson - 1970*
  1. Michael Kremer - 2019
  2. Richard Thaler - 2017
  3. Jean Tirole - 2014
  4. Lars P. Hansen- 2013
  5. Robert Shiller - 2013
  6. Christopher Sims - 2011
  7. Paul Krugman- 2008
  8. Leonid Hurwicz - 2007
  9. Edmund Phelps - 2006
  10. Amartya Sen- 1998
  11. James Mirrlees - 1996
  12. Franco Modigliani - 1985
  13. Kenneth Arrow - 1972
Peace (1)
  1. Kofi Annan - 2001

Nobel laureates by category

Nobel laureates in Physics
Name Year Affiliation with MIT
Andrea M. Ghez 2020 SB in Physics (1987)[39]
Didier Queloz 2019 Visiting Scientist at MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research (2019)[40]
Rainer Weiss 2017 SB (1955) and PhD in Physics (1962); Assistant Professor of Physics (1964–1967), Associate Professor of Physics (1967–1973), Professor of Physics (1973–2001), and Professor of Physics, Emeritus (2001–present)[41]
Serge Haroche 2012 Visiting Scientist (1979)[42]
Adam Riess 2011 SB in Physics, Minor in History (1992)[43]
George Smoot 2006 SB in Mathematics and Physics (1966), and PhD in Physics (1970)[44][45]
Frank Wilczek 2004 Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics (September 2000–present)[46][47]
Carl Wieman 2001 SB in Physics (1973)[48][49][50]
Eric Cornell 2001 PhD[51]
Wolfgang Ketterle 2001 Professor[52]
Daniel Tsui 1998 Visiting Scientist (1988)[53]
Horst Störmer 1998 Visiting Scientist at Francis Bitter High Magnetic Field Lab[53][54]
Robert Laughlin 1998 PhD[55]
William D. Phillips 1997 PhD in Physics (1976), and Chaim Weizmann Postdoctoral Fellow (1976–1978)[56]
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji 1997 Visiting professor (1976)[57][58][59]
Clifford Shull 1994 Professor of Physics (1955–1986) and Professor of Physics Emeritus (1986–2001)[60][61]
Henry W. Kendall 1990 PhD in Nuclear Physics (1955); Assistant Professor to Associate Professor of Physics (1961–1967), Professor of Physics (1967–1991), and J. A. Stratton Professor of Physics (1991–1999)[62]
Jerome I. Friedman 1990 Assistant Professor to Associate Professor of Physics (1960–1967), Professor of Physics (1967–1988), Director at MIT's Laboratory for Nuclear Science at MIT (1980–1983), William A. Coolidge Professor (1988–1990), Institute Professor (Since 1990), Head of the Department of Physics (1983–1988), and Emeritus Professor of Physics (Since 2005)[63][64]
Norman Ramsey 1989 Research group leader at MIT Radiation lab (1940–1943)[65][66][67]
Steven Weinberg 1979 Visiting Professor (1967–1969), and Professor of Physics (1969–1973)[68][69]
Sheldon Glashow 1979 Visiting Professor (1974–1975, 1979–1980)[70][71]
Burton Richter 1976 SB (1952) and PhD in Physics (1956)[72]
Samuel Ting 1976 Professor[73]
John Schrieffer 1972 SB in 1953[74]
Murray Gell-Mann 1969 PhD; Visiting Professor (Spring 1963)[75]
Luis W. Alvarez 1968 Researcher at MIT Radiation Lab (1940–1943)[76][77][78]
Hans Bethe 1967 Staff member, MIT Radiation Lab (1942–1943); Visiting Professor (1975, 1977)[79]
Richard Feynman 1965 SB (1939)[80][81]
Julian Schwinger 1965 Researcher at MIT Radiation Lab (1943–1945)[82][83][84]
Charles Townes 1964 Provost and Professor of Physics (1961–1966), and Institute Professor (1966–1967)[85]
Donald Glaser 1960 Visiting Professor of Biophysics (For a semester starting in January 1962)[86][87]
William Shockley 1956 PhD[88]
Edward M. Purcell 1952 Researcher at MIT Radiation Lab (1941–1946)[89][90]
Isidor Rabi 1944 Associate Director of MIT Radiation Lab (1942–1945)[25]

Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Name Year Affiliation with MIT
John B. Goodenough 2019 Research Scientist at MIT Lincoln Lab (1952–1976)[91]
Paul Modrich 2015 SB[92]
Ada Yonath 2009 Postdoctoral Researcher (1970)[93]
Richard Schrock 2005 Professor[94]
Aaron Ciechanover 2004 Fulbright Postdoctoral Fellow (1981–1984)[95]
Barry Sharpless 2001 Professor[96]
Mario Molina 1995 Professor[97]
Elias Corey 1990 SB, PhD[98]
Thomas Cech 1989 Postdoctoral Researcher (1975–1977)[99]
Sidney Altman 1989 SB in Physics (1960)[100][101]
Charles Pedersen 1987 SM[102]
Robert Mulliken 1966 SB[103]
Robert B. Woodward 1965 SB, PhD[104]
Alexander R. Todd 1957 Arthur D. Little Visiting Professor of Chemistry (Fall 1954); he delivered a course on vitamins, co-enzymes and nucleic acids[105][106]
Geoffrey Wilkinson 1951 Research Associate (1950–1951)[107][108]
Peter Debye 1936 Visiting Researcher, Department of Physics (1932)[109][110][111]

Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
Name Year Affiliation with MIT
Michael Rosbash 2017 PhD in Biophysics (1970)[112]
James Rothman 2013 Postdoctoral Researcher (1976–1978)[113]
Andrew Fire 2006 PhD[114]
Robert Horvitz 2002 SB; Professor[115]
Leland Hartwell 2001 PhD[116]
Phillip Sharp 1993 Professor[117]
Donnall Thomas 1990 Postdoctoral Researcher (1950–1951)[118][119][120]
Susumu Tonegawa 1987 Professor[121]
Werner Arber 1978 Visiting Researcher at Department of Biology (1959)[122][123]
David Baltimore 1975 Graduate attendee (1960–1961); Professor; Postdoctoral Researcher (1963-1964)[124]
Salvador Luria 1969 Professor[125]
Gobind Khorana 1968 Professor[126]

Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences
Name Year Affiliation with MIT
Michael Kremer 2019 Postdoctoral fellow (1992–1993), and Professor of Economics (1993–1999)[127][128]
Esther Duflo 2019 PhD; Professor[129]
Abhijit Banerjee 2019 Professor[130]
Paul Romer 2018 Graduate attendee[131]
William Nordhaus 2018 PhD[132]
Richard Thaler 2017 Visiting Professor, Sloan School of Management (Sep 1994–Jun 1995, Jan 1993–Jul 1993)[133]
Bengt Holmström 2016 Professor[134]
Oliver S. Hart 2016 Professor[135]
Jean Tirole 2014 PhD; Professor; Visiting Professor[136]
Robert Shiller 2013 SM, PhD; Visiting Professor[137]
Lars P. Hansen 2013 Visiting Professor, Department of Economics (1983)[138]
Christopher Sims 2011 Visiting Professor (1979–1980)[139]
Peter Diamond 2010 PhD; Professor[140]
Oliver Williamson 2009 SB[141]
Paul Krugman 2008 PhD; Professor; Visiting Assistant Professor[142]
Eric Maskin 2007 Professor[143]
Leonid Hurwicz 2007 Research Assistant of Paul Samuelson (1941) [144]
Edmund Phelps 2006 Visiting Associate Professor of Economics (1962–1963)[145]
Robert Aumann 2005 SM, PhD[146]
Robert Engle 2003 Associate Professor[147]
George Akerlof 2001 PhD[148]
Joseph Stiglitz 2001 PhD; Assistant Professor[149]
Daniel McFadden 2000 Professor[150]
Robert Mundell 1999 PhD[151]
Amartya Sen 1998 Visiting Assistant Professor (1960–1961)[152]
Myron Scholes 1997 Professor[153]
Robert C. Merton 1997 PhD; Professor[154]
James Mirrlees 1996 Visiting Professor (March–July 1968, September 1970–January 1971, and January–May 1976)[155]
John F. Nash 1994 Professor[156]
Robert Solow 1987 Professor[157]
Franco Modigliani 1985 Professor; Visiting Professor[158]
Lawrence Klein 1980 PhD[159]
Kenneth Arrow 1972 Visiting Professor of Economics (Fall 1966)[11][160]
Paul Samuelson 1970 Professor[161]

Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Name Year Affiliation with MIT
Kofi Annan 2001 SM in Management (1972)[162]

See also

Notes
  1. The total number of laureates in natural sciences: Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine.
  2. For verification, see "Summary".
  3. Max Born was a visiting lecturer at MIT and California Institute of Technology from mid-November 1925 to mid-January 1926.[17][18] At MIT, He gave two public lectures, and was one of the first physicists to give lectures on then newly developed theory of quantum mechanics in the United States. Born collaborated with MIT mathematics professor Norbert Wiener, and wrote a paper on the subject. The paper was published in February 1926.[17] The collaboration between Born and Wiener started in 1924 at Göttingen University.[19] His two sets of lectures at MIT were published in Problems of Atomic Dynamics (See "Bibliography").
  4. From 1942 to 1946, Arthur Ashkin was a researcher at Columbia Radiation Laboratory at Columbia University, which was a satellite lab supporting the main Radiation Lab at MIT during World War II.[28]
  5. From 1943 to 1945, Willis E. Lamb was a researcher at Columbia Radiation Laboratory at Columbia University,[33][34] which was a satellite lab supporting the main Radiation Lab at MIT during World War II.[35]
  6. This is because, according to Wikipedia policies on no original research and objectivity/neutrality, it is not possible in Wikipedia to subjectively assign various weights to different types of affiliations.
  7. The table doesn't provide citations or details on entries; for citations and details, see "Nobel laureates by category".

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Bibliography
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