Foreign relations of Serbia

Foreign relations of Serbia are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia has inherited the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, along with all of its holdings, after the dissolution of the previous state union with Montenegro. Serbian foreign ministries continue to serve citizens of Montenegro in countries that do not have Montenegrin diplomatic presence. The governments of Serbia and Montenegro expressed an interest in pursuing a common foreign policy. Former President of Serbia Boris Tadić referred to relations with the European Union (EU), Russia, United States and China as the four pillars of foreign policy.[1] Serbia joined the United Nations on 1 November 2000.

History

Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)

Serbia gained its partial independence from the Ottoman Empire in two uprisings in 1804 (led by Đorđe Petrović – Karađorđe) and 1815 (led by Miloš Obrenović), although Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867. In 1817 the Principality of Serbia was granted de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire. [2] High officials in the Austro-Hungarian Empire lobbied for Ottoman approval of the liberal 1869 constitution for Serbia, which depended on the Porte for final approval. Vienna's strategy was that a liberal political system in Serbia would divert its impulse to foment nationalist unrest within the its neighbors, and also delay its efforts to gain territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.[3]

Principality/Kingdom of Serbia (1878–1918)

The Autonomous Principality became an internationally recognized independent country following the Russo-Turkish War in 1878. Serbia remained a principality or kneževina (knjaževina), until 1882 when it became a Kingdom, during which the internal politics revolved largely around dynastic rivalry between the Obrenović and Karađorđević families.

Southern and Northern Serbia (Vojvodina) in 1848

In 1885, Serbia protested against the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Serbian king, Milan Obrenovic´ (1854–1901), who needed to divert attention away from his domestic problems, demanded that Bulgaria cede some of its territory to Serbia. The Great Powers discouraged him, but he declared war on Bulgaria on November 13, 1885. The Serbo-Bulgarian War ended on March 3, 1886. The Serbian army crossed the lightly defended northwest border of Bulgaria aiming to seize Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. The Bulgarian defenders defeated the invaders and then invaded Serbia. Vienna brokered a peace that restored the old status quo. Serbian casualties totaled 6,800, about triple the 2,300 Bulgarian total. The defeat forced Obrenovic to abdicate in March 1889, and the Serbian crown passed to a regency in the name of his son Alexander (1876–1903).[4]

Serbian strategic goals

Serbia had multiple national goals.[5][6][7] Serbian intellectuals dreamed of a South Slavic state--which in the 1920s became Yugoslavia. The large number of Serbs living in Bosnia looked to Serbia as the focus of their nationalism, but they were ruled by the Germans of the Austrian Empire. Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 deeply alienated the Serbian peoples. Plotters swore revenge, which they achieved in 1914 by assassination of the Austrian heir.[8] Serbia was landlocked, and strongly felt the need for access to the Mediterranean, preferably through the Adriatic Sea. Austria worked hard to block Serbian access to the sea, for example by helping with the creation of Albania in 1912. Montenegro, Serbia's main ally, did have a small port, but Austrian territory intervened, blocking access until Serbia acquired Novi Pazar and part of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire in 1913. To the south, Bulgaria blocked Serbian access to the Aegean Sea.[9] Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the Balkan League and went to war with the Ottomans in 1912–1913. They won decisively and expelled that Empire from almost all of the Balkans.[10] The main remaining foe was Austria, which strongly rejected Pan-Slavism and Serbian nationalism and was ready to make war to end those threats.[11] Ethnic nationalism would doom the multicultural Austro-Hungarian Empire. Expansion of Serbia would block Austrian and German aspirations for direct rail connections to Constantinople and the Middle East. Serbia relied primarily on Russia for Great Power support but Russia was very hesitant at first to support Pan-Slavism, and counselled caution. However, in 1914 it reversed positions and promised military support to Serbia.[12]

World War I

The 28 June 1914 assassination of Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, a pro-Serbian member of Young Bosnia served as the basis for the Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Vienna acted despite Serbia's acceptance three days earlier of nearly all of Vienna's demands. Vienna was convinced that Serbia was behind the plot in an effort to destabilize the multi-nation empire.[13] The Austro-Hungarian army invaded Serbia capturing Belgrade on 2 December 1914, however the Serbian Army successfully defended the country, won several victories, and on 15 December 1914 recaptured Belgrade.[14]

On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Within days, long-standing mobilization plans went into effect to initiate invasions or guard against them and Russia, France and Britain stood arrayed against Austria and Germany in what at the time was called the "Great War", and was later named "World War I" or "First World War." Austria thought in terms of one small limited war involving just the two countries. It did not plan a wider war such as exploded in a matter of days.

British historian John Zametica argued that Austria-Hungary was primarily responsible for starting the war, as its leaders believed that a successful war against Serbia was the only way it could remain a Great Power, solve deep internal disputes caused by Hungarian demands, and regain influence in the Balkan states.[15] Others, most notably Prof. Christopher Clark, have argued that Austria-Hungary, confronted with a Serbia that seemed determined to incite continual unrest and ultimately acquire all of the "Serb" inhabited lands of the Monarchy (which, according to the Pan-Serb point of view included all of Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Hercegovina and some of the southern counties of the Hungary(roughly corresponding to today's Vojvodina), and whose military and government was intertwined with the irredentist terrorist group known as "The Black Hand," saw no practical alternative to the use of force in ending what amounted to subversion from Serbia directed at a large chunk of its territories. In this perspective, Austria had little choice but to credibly threaten war and force Serbian submission if it wished to remain a Great Power.[16]

Bilateral relations

Diplomatic relations of Serbia

Serbia has established diplomatic relations with 191 out of the other 193 UN member states,[17] the Holy See and Palestine,[17] the Sovereign Military Order of Malta,[17] and the European Union.[17]

Serbia has not established diplomatic relations with:[18]

• Marshall Islands,[19] Micronesia.[19]
• All of the states with limited recognition

Africa

Ever since the times of Josip Broz Tito and the Non-Aligned Movement, Serbia has enjoyed excellent relations with African nations. Angola, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and South Africa are Serbia's closest allies in Sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa and Serbia have had excellent relations since the signing of diplomatic relations in 1992 following the end of the Apartheid system. Many ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe resistance fighters received training in Serbia during Apartheid. South Africa is also home to around 20,000 Serbs, mainly living in the Johannesburg area.[20] South Africa is also voicing support for Serbia over the Kosovo issue.[21] Nelson Mandela was also made an honorary citizen of Belgrade.[22] Serbia is also actively involved in many investments in Angola with whom it has excellent political and economic relations.

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Algeria	1962	See Algeria-Serbia relations Formal relations started in 1962 Algeria has an embassy in Belgrade.[23] Serbia has an embassy in Algiers since 1962.[24]
Angola	1975	See Angola–Serbia relations Serbia has an embassy in Luanda and Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
Benin	1962	Diplomatic relations between Benin and Serbia were established in 1962.[25]
Botswana	1970	Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Serbia were established in 1970.[26]
Burkina Faso	1968	Diplomatic relations between Burkina Faso and Serbia were established in 1968.[27]
Burundi	1962	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962.[28]
Cape Verde	1976
Cameroon	1960	Diplomatic relations between Cameroon and Serbia were established in 1960.[29]
Central African Republic	1960	Diplomatic relations between Central African Republic and Serbia were established in 1960.[30]
Chad	1966	Diplomatic relations between Chad and Serbia were established in 1966.[31]
Comoros	1976	Diplomatic relations between Comoros and Serbia were established in 1976.[32]
Democratic Republic of Congo	1961	Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa and DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade. The Foreign Ministry of DR Congo visited Belgrade in 2011 and the Foreign Ministry of Serbia visited Kinshasa in 2009.
Republic of the Congo	1964	Diplomatic relations between Republic of the Congo and Serbia were established in 1964.[33]
Côte d'Ivoire	1968	Diplomatic relations between Côte d'Ivoire and Serbia were established in 1968.[34]
Djibouti	1978	Diplomatic relations between Djibouti and Serbia were established in 1978.[35]
Egypt		See Egypt-Serbia relations Egypt has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Cairo.[36] Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt
Eritrea	2012	Diplomatic relations between Eritrea and Serbia were established in 2012.[37]
Ethiopia	1952[38]	See Ethiopia–Serbia relations
Equatorial Guinea	1970	Diplomatic relations between Equatorial Guinea and Serbia were established in 1978.[39]
Gabon	1960
Gambia	1965	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1965.[40]
Ghana	1957
Guinea		Guinea has an embassy in Belgrade.
Guinea-Bissau	1975	Diplomatic relations between Guinea-Bissau and Serbia were established in 1975.[41] Guinea-Bissau supports Serbia's position regarding Kosovo, and prime minister Umaro Sissoco Embaló visited Belgrade in November 2017 to expand trade relations and affirm his nation's position on Kosovo.[42]
Kenya	1963	Serbia has an embassy in Nairobi, Kenya has an honorary consulate in Belgrade.
Lesotho	1972	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1972.[43]
Liberia	1959	Diplomatic relations between Liberia and Serbia were established in 1959.[44]
Libya	1955	See Libya–Serbia relations Libya has an embassy in Belgrade.[45] Since 1963, Serbia has an embassy in Tripoli.[46] Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Libya
Madagascar	1968	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1968.[47] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[48]
Malawi	1998	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1998.[49]
Mali	1961
Mauritania		Serbia is represented in Mauritania by its embassy in Rabat.[50]
Mauritius	1969	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1969.[51]
Morocco	2 March 1957	The Two countries established formal bilateral relations on 2 March 1957.[52] Both countries were founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Mozambique	1978	Diplomatic relations between Mozambique and Serbia were established in 1975.[53]
Namibia	1990	Diplomatic relations between Namibia and Serbia were established in 1990.[54]
Nigeria	1960	Serbia has an embassy in Abuja and honorary consulates in Kano and Lagos. Nigeria has an embassy in Belgrade.
Rwanda	1971	Diplomatic relations between Rwanda and Serbia were established in 1971.[55]
São Tomé and Príncipe	1977	Diplomatic relations between São Tomé and Príncipe and Serbia were established in 1977.[56]
Senegal	1961	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1961.[57]
Seychelles	1977	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1977.[58] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[59]
Sierra Leone	1961	Diplomatic relations between Sierra Leone and Serbia were established in 1961.[60]
Somalia	1960	See Somalia–Serbia relations
South Africa	2 April 1992	See South Africa–Serbia relations Serbia has an embassy in Pretoria.[61] South Africa is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens (Greece). Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with South Africa South African Department of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia
Sudan	1956	Diplomatic relations between Sudan and Serbia were established in 1956.[62]
South Sudan	4 January 2012[63]
Swaziland	1968	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1968.[47] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[48]
Tanzania	1961	Diplomatic relations between Tanzania and Serbia were established in 1961.[64]
Togo	1960	Diplomatic relations between Togo and Serbia were established in 1960.[65]
Tunisia	1957	Serbia has an embassy in Tunis. Tunisia has an embassy in Belgrade.
Uganda	1963	Diplomatic relations between Uganda and Serbia were established in 1963.[66]
Zambia	1964	Serbia has an embassy in Lusaka
Zimbabwe	1980	See Zimbabwe–Serbia relations Serbia has an embassy in Harare Zimbabwe has an embassy in Belgrade Robert Mugabe described Serbia as Zimbabwe's only foreign ally in 2014[67] Zimbabwe also sided with Serbia during the breakup of Yugoslavia. This was solidified in Mugabe's visit to Belgrade in 1996.[68] Bilateral trade between Serbia and Zimbabwe amounted to 1 million euros in 2011, exclusively imports from Zimbabwe.

America

Serbia has strong but strained relations with the United States and a bit more relaxed relations with Canada, because of their hostile recognition of Kosovo's independence and NATO bombing from 1999, which aimed to help this secession. On 25 February 2008, Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica demanded that the United States rescind its recognition of Kosovo, warning that "there will be no stability until the fake state" is annulled.[69]

Serbia has very good relations with Latin America, except Colombia and Panama, which did recognize Kosovo's independence. Brazil, the largest country in the region, decided not to recognize Kosovo's independence until an agreement with Serbia is reached.[70]

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Argentina	1928	See Argentina–Serbia relations Diplomatic relations between Serbia and Argentina existed before the Second World War and were restored in 1946. Serbia has an embassy in Buenos Aires Argentina has an embassy in Belgrade.[71]
Bahamas	1988	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in July 1988.[72] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[73]
Barbados	November 1977	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in November 1977.[74]
Bolivia	1952	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1952.[75]
Brazil	1946	See Brazil–Serbia relations Brazil has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Brasília. Both countries have established diplomatic relations in December 1966.[76] A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[77]
Canada	30 May 1941[78]	See Canada–Serbia relations Canada has an embassy in Belgrade.[79] Serbia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto and honorary consuls (in Montreal and Vancouver).[80][81] There are around 150,000 people of Serbian descent living in Canada. Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada
Chile	1935	Both countries have established diplomatic relations 1935. They were renewed in 1946. Diplomatic relations were broken off on two occasions, in 1947 and 1973, and the last renewal was in March 1990.[82] A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[83]
Colombia	1966	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in December 1966.[76] A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[77]
Costa Rica	1952	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1952.[84] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[85]
Cuba	1951	See Cuba–Serbia relations Cuba and Serbia have a long history of diplomatic relations from the period of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia when both countries were members of Non-Aligned Movement. Cuba supports Serbia in its stance towards Kosovo considering Kosovo's independence an illegitimate act and a violation of international law and principles of the United Nations Charter.[86] Serbia supports Cuba at the United Nations in condemning the United States embargo.[87]
Dominica	2010[88]
Dominican Republic	1983	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1983.[89]
Ecuador	1956	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1956.[90]
El Salvador	1956	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1956.[91]
Grenada	July 1978	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in July 1978.[92]
Guatemala	1987	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1987.[93]
Guyana	5 November 1968	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1968.[94] Serbia is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Washington, D.C.[95]
Haiti	1984	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1984.[96]
Honduras	1953	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1953.[97]
Jamaica	1968	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1968.[98]
Mexico	24 May 1946	See Mexico–Serbia relations Mexico has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Mexico City.
Nicaragua	1979	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1979.[99]
Panama	1956	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1953.[100] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[101]
Paraguay	1950	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1950.[102]
Peru		Diplomatic relations between then Yugoslavia and Peru existed before the Second World War. They were renewed in 1967. Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Serbia (in Spanish only) Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Peru
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	2011[103]
Suriname	1976	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1976.[104]
Trinidad and Tobago	1974	Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1974.[105] Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[106]
United States	14 October 1881[107]	See Serbia–United States relations Prior to World War I and creation of Yugoslavia, Serbia and the US enjoyed excellent relations. Bilateral relations between Serbia and the United States were established in 1881. At the outset of hostilities between NATO and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, the United States and Yugoslavia severed diplomatic relations. After the overthrow of the Milosevic government in October 2000, the following month the United States reestablished a diplomatic presence. The U.S. Embassy formally reopened in May 2001. The Serbian Embassy in Washington and the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade have reestablished bilateral relations and provide a full range of consular services. In February 2008 Serbia recalled its ambassador from the United States, following the U.S. recognition of the unilaterally declared independence of Kosovo. The US established full diplomatic relations at Ambassador level with the Republic of Kosovo, which broke away from Serbia in February 2008.[108]
Uruguay	1950	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in September 1950.[109] A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[110]
Venezuela	1951	See Serbia–Venezuela relations Serbia is represented in Venezuela through its embassy in Brasília (Brazil). Venezuela is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Belgrade. In 2007, Serbia exported goods worth €33,000 to Venezuela, while Venezuelan exports totaled €158,000. After the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announced that Venezuela does not recognise Kosovo's independence on the grounds that it has been achieved through U.S. pressure and criticised a recent political movement calling out for a more autonomous Zulia state. He said "This cannot be accepted. It's a very dangerous precedent for the entire world.".[111] On 24 March 2008, Chavez accused Washington of trying to "weaken Russia" by supporting independence for Kosovo. He called Kosovo's new leader, Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi, a "terrorist" put in power by the U.S. and noted that the former rebel leader's nom de guerre was "The Snake".[112] Chavez had strongly opposed the NATO intervention in Kosovo in 1999 when he first became president. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Venezuela

Asia

Serbia has excellent relations with countries such as China, Indonesia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, South Korea, Vietnam, and the United Arab Emirates. These countries are important economic partners for Serbia in Asia.

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Afghanistan	1954	Afghan foreign minister Zalmai Rassoul visited Belgrade in September 2011. Bilateral trade between Serbia and Afghanistan reached 7.3 million euros during 2011.
Armenia	1994	See Armenia–Serbia relations Armenia and Serbia established diplomatic relations on 14 January 1993.
Azerbaijan	1997	See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations Azerbaijan and Serbia established diplomatic relations in 1997. Azerbaijan has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Baku. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Bahrain	1989
Bangladesh	1971	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1971.[113]
Bhutan	9 December 2011
Brunei	5 December 2011	Pengiran Muda Mohamed Bolkiah paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011.
Cambodia	1956	See Cambodia–Serbia relations
China	2 January 1955	See China–Serbia relations Serbia has an embassy in Beijing and a general consulate in Shanghai. China has an embassy in Belgrade and also maintains an office in Priština based on consent of the Government of Serbia from November 2006. China has always traditionally had very warm and close relations with Belgrade since the establishing of diplomatic relations in 1955.[114]
East Timor		Serbia is represented in Timor by its embassy in Jakarta.[115]
Georgia	26 June 1995	[116] Serbia is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Moscow Georgia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens Georgia strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo[117] Serbia supports Georgia's stance on South Ossetia[118]
India	1948	See India–Serbia relations India has an embassy in Belgrade.[119] Serbia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in Chennai.[120] Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India
Indonesia	1954	See Indonesia–Serbia relations Indonesia has very close relations with Serbia, especially within the fields of trade, culture and tourism. Indonesia has also voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[121]
Iran	1945	See Iran–Serbia relations Serbia has an embassy in Tehran and Iran has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has strong relations with Iran. Serbia and Iran maintained a visa free regime from 2 September 2017 until 17 October 2018. This led to an increase in travel of Iranians to Serbia. The visa regime was reinstated by Serbia following complaints from European Union after a large number of Iranian visitors used visa free regime to come to Serbia and cross over to European Union countries illegally. Serbian citizens can still enter Iran obtaining a visa on arrival.
Iraq	1958	See Iraq–Serbia relations Iraq has an embassy in Belgrade.[122] Serbia has an embassy in Baghdad.[123]
Israel	1992[124]	See Israel–Serbia relations The bilateral relations between Yugoslavia and Israel were severed for 25 years, from 1967 until 9 October 1991, when they were officially renewed. Israel has an embassy in Belgrade.[125] Serbia has embassy in Tel Aviv.[126] History of the Jews in Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Israel
Japan	1952[127]	See Japan–Serbia relations Japan has an embassy in Belgrade.[128] Serbia has an embassy in Tokyo and an honorary consulate in Osaka.[129] Both countries are strong trading partners.[130][131] There are about 92 Japanese living in Serbia.[132] Ministry of foreign affairs of Japan: Japan-Serbia relations
Kazakhstan	1996	See Kazakhstan–Serbia relations Serbia has an embassy in Nur-Sultan Kazakhstan has an embassy in Belgrade[133]
Kuwait	1963	Kuwait has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in Kuwait City. Serbian companies have long had a presence in Kuwait. The iconic Kuwait Towers were commissioned by Energoprojekt, based in Belgrade. Kuwait recently approved a 25 million Euro loan to Serbia to fund the construction of the Prokop railway station.[134] Kuwait also received support from Serbia, under the former Yugoslavia, during the Iraqi invasion in 1990.
Kyrgyzstan	1998	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1998.[135] In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 3,5 million.[135]
Laos	1962	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1962.[136]
Malaysia	1967/2003	Malaysia has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia is represented in Malaysia by the embassy in Jakarta. During the period January 2012 – September 2012, bilateral trade reached 27.5 million euros. Dato' Sri Anifah Hj. Aman paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011 According to the Embassy of Malaysia in Belgrade, there are 25 Malaysians living in Serbia.[137]
Maldives	1974
Mongolia	20 November 1956[138][139]
Myanmar	1950	See Myanmar-Serbia relations Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1950.[140] A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[141]
Nepal	1959	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1959.[142] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[143]
North Korea	30 October 1948	See North Korea–Serbia relations Serbia maintains friendly relations with North Korea. Relations between the two countries started in 1948 under the Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito. Relations between the two countries are still strong in both political and military terms. The North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited to Sofia, Bulgaria.
Oman	1974	Serbian foreign minister Vuk Jeremic paid a visit to Muscat in 2010.
Pakistan	1948	See Pakistan–Serbia relations Pakistan considers Serbia to be a very important country and that the relations between the two states are warm and friendly.[144]
Palestine	16 November 1988	See Palestine–Serbia relations Relations between Serbia and the State of Palestine have been very close and friendly. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the first countries to recognize the State of Palestine on November 16, 1988 and its successor Serbia maintained close relations, favoring a Two-State solution. The Palestinian Authority for its part, has refused to recognize the independence of Kosovo.[145][146] Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Palestine
Philippines	1972	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1972.[147] A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[148] Philippines has a consulate in Belgrade[149]
Qatar	1989	Qatar has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Doha.
Saudi Arabia	17 April 2013[150]	Serbia has an embassy in Riyadh.
Singapore	1967	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1967.[151]
South Korea	27 December 1989[152]	See Serbia–South Korea relations The establishment of diplomatic relations between Република Србија Serbia and the Republic of Korea began on 27 December 1989. Serbian embassy in Seoul.[153] South Korean embassy in Belgrade.[154]
Sri Lanka	1956	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1956.[155] A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[156]
Syria	1946	See Serbia–Syria relations Serbia has an embassy in Damascus.[157] Syria has an embassy in Belgrade. Also Syria is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and Serbia is an observer. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Syria
Tajikistan	1995	Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1995.[158] In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 5,64 million.[158]
Thailand	1954	Serbia is represented in Thailand through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia). Thailand is represented in Serbia through its honorary consulate in Belgrade. Exequatur presented to the Honorary Consul of the Kingdom of Thailand to R. Serbia[159]
Turkey	1879[160]	See Serbia–Turkey relations Serbia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Belgrade. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Central European Free Trade Agreement and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.
Turkmenistan	1996
United Arab Emirates	21 March 2007	See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations Serbia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and the UAE has one in Belgrade.[161] Economic relations between Serbia and the UAE have increased dramatically during 2012–2013. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the UAE
Uzbekistan	18 January 1995	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1995.[162]
Vietnam	1957	Serbia is represented in Vietnam through its embassy in Jakarta (Indonesia). Vietnam is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Bucharest (Romania). Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Vietnam Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia
Yemen	1957	Formal relations started in 1957[163]

Europe

SR Slovenia

SR Croatia

SR Bosnia and
Herzegovina

SR
Montenegro

SR Macedonia

SR Serbia

SAP
Vojvodina

SAP
Kosovo

Serbia has signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the European Union on 29 April 2008 and is in the process of the Republic of being admitted into the framework of the European Union as a full-fledged member state. Serbia officially applied for European Union membership on 22 December 2009,[164] and the European Commission recommended making it an official candidate on 12 October 2011. After the vote of the 27 EU foreign ministers on 28 February 2012, where with 26 votes for and 1 vote against, a candidate status recommendation was issued, and Serbia received full candidate status on 1 March. On 28 June 2013 the European Council endorsed the Council of Ministers conclusions and recommendations to open accession negotiations with Serbia.[165][166] In December 2013 the Council of the European Union approved opening negotiations on Serbia's accession in January 2014,[167] and the first Intergovernmental Conference was held on 21 January at the European Council in Brussels.[168]

Former Yugoslav Republics and Provinces

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Bosnia and Herzegovina		See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sarajevo and a consulate-general in Banja Luka. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Serbia is an official candidate and Bosnia-Herzegovina is recognized as potential candidate country by the European Union.
Croatia		See Croatia–Serbia relations The two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates (in Rijeka and Vukovar). There are around 200,000 people of Serbian descent living in Croatia and around 70,000 people of Croatian descent living in Serbia.
Kosovo	No diplomatic relations or recognition.	On 17 February 2008, the former province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia, forming the Republic of Kosovo in the process. Serbia, Russia, China, India Algeria, Morocco, Greece, Mexico, Romania, Ukraine, Spain, Brazil, Nigeria, South Africa, Argentina, Belarus, Palestine, Bolivia, and many others do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Serbia has vowed to fight Kosovo's admission to international organizations. The Republic of Kosovo does not have and has not yet applied for United Nations membership. As of 4 September 2020, 113 United Nations member states and the Republic of China, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Niue and the Cook Islands recognized Kosovo as an independent state. But still, with the strong and firm opposition of both Russia and China and their allies, Kosovo has no current prospects of becoming a member of the United Nations.[169] Serbia, in response to nations which have recognized Kosovo as an independent nation, has consistently recalled its ambassadors to these nations in an act of protest.[170] These countries include the United States, Albania, Bulgaria, Republic of North Macedonia, Colombia, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Turkey, Slovenia and the United Kingdom. States which recognize the Province of Kosovo-Metohija as an integral part of the Republic of Serbia and states which recognize Kosovo as an independent nation   Serbia   States which recognize the Province of Kosovo as an integral part of Serbia   States which recognize Kosovo as an independent country
North Macedonia		See North Macedonia–Serbia relations The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was formed in 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics Montenegro and Serbia established diplomatic relations with the Republic of North Macedonia on 8 April 1996.[171] The establishment of bilateral relations has been done under North Macedonia's former constitutional name – Republic of Macedonia.[172] Serbia therefore was one of 125 countries in the world recognizing Macedonia under the former constitutional name.[173]North Macedonia has an embassy in Belgrade, while Serbia's embassy is located in Skopje.
Montenegro		See Montenegro–Serbia relations Montenegro has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Podgorica and a Consulate-General in Herceg Novi.
Slovenia		See Serbia–Slovenia relations Serbia has an embassy in Ljubljana.[174] Slovenia has an embassy in Belgrade.[175] Both countries are full members of the Central European Initiative and of the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Slovenia

Other European countries

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Albania	25 April 1914	See Albania–Serbia relations Albania has an embassy in Belgrade.[176] Serbia has an embassy in Tirana.[177]
Austria	1874	See Austria–Serbia relations Austria has an embassy in Belgrade.[178] Serbia has an embassy in Vienna[179] and a general consulate in Salzburg.[180] There are around 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria.[181] The Serbs are the largest foreign population in Austria. Austrian Foreign Ministry: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia (in German only) Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Austria
Andorra	2005	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2005.[182]
Belarus	15 November 1994	See Belarus–Serbia relations Serbia recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1994 and at the ambassadorial level in 1996. Belarus has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
Belgium	1886	Belgium has an embassy in Belgrade.[183] Serbia has an embassy in Brussels. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belgium
Bulgaria	18 January 1879	See Bulgaria–Serbia relations Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sofia.
Cyprus	1960	See Cyprus–Serbia relations Cyprus has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Nicosia The two countries share common cultural and religious ascpects as both have major orthodox-Christian populations.[184] Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia
Czech Republic	1918	See Czech Republic – Serbia relations The Czech Republic has an embassy in Belgrade.[185] Serbia has an embassy in Prague. Czech relations with Serbia were usually positive, just like relations between Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (prewar). However, Czech government under administration of Mirek Topolánek decided to recognize Kosovo – the very important issue in Serbian politics. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the Czech Republic
Denmark	1917	See Denmark–Serbia relations Denmark has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Copenhagen.
Estonia	9 February 2001	Estonia is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Tallinn (in the Foreign Ministry). Serbia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Helsinki (Finland). Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Estonia
Finland	1928	See Finland–Serbia relations Finland has an embassy in Belgrade.[186] Serbia has an embassy in Helsinki.[187] Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Finland
France	18 January 1879	See France–Serbia relations France has an embassy in Belgrade.[188] Serbia has an embassy in Paris and 2 consulates (in Lyon and Strasbourg).[189] Since 2006, Serbia is an observer on the Francophonie. There are between 70,000 and 100,000 people of Serbian descent living in France. French Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with France
Germany	18 January 1879	See Germany–Serbia relations Germany has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Berlin and 5 general consulates (in Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf).[190][191] There are around 505,000 people of Serbian descent living in Germany. (See also Germans of Serbia, Serbs in Germany) German Federal Foreign Office about relations with Serbie German embassy Belgrade(in German and Serbian only) Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Germany
Greece	18 January 1879	See Greece–Serbia relations Greece has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Athens. Friendly relations have played an important role in bilateral relations between the two nations, especially during the wars of the 1990s and the Balkans Campaign[192] in World War I. Due to the strong historical friendship and the deep cultural and religious ties between the two nations, Greece and Serbia enjoy historically, religiously and culturally close ties which are confirmed by a regular political dialogue. Greece is the top investor in Serbian economy[193] and during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Greece openly expressed its disapproval and polls revealed that 94% of the Greek population were completely opposed to the bombing.[194] The more dramatic event was a People's Tribunal of over a 10.000 people in Athens, Greece, where the Greek Supreme Court declared president Clinton and NATO leaders guilty of war crimes.[195]
Holy See		See Holy See–Serbia relations
Hungary		See Hungary–Serbia relations Hungary has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica.[196][197] Serbia has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Szeged.[198] Both countries share 151 km of common border. There are around 290,000 people of Hungarian descent living in Serbia. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Hungary
Iceland	2000	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.[199] A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[200]
Italy	18 January 1879	See Italy–Serbia relations and Italy-Yugoslavia relations Italy has an embassy in Belgrade.[201] Serbia has an embassy in Rome and 2 general consulates (in Milan and Trieste). There are around 55,000 people of Serbian descent living in Italy. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Italy
Latvia	December 2000	Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 2000.[202] Both countries have agreements on International Transport by Road and on Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital.[203]
Lithuania	14 December 2000	Lithuania is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Budapest, Hungary and the diplomatic office in Belgrade.[204] Serbia is represented in Lithuania through its embassy in Warsaw, Poland. Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Serbia (in Lithuanian only) Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Lithuania
Malta	6 January 1969	See Malta–Serbia relations Malta is represented in Serbia through a non-resident ambassador based in Valletta (in the Foreign Ministry).[205] Serbia is represented in Malta through its embassy in Rome (Italy) ad through an honorary consulate in Valletta. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Malta
Moldova	March 1995	Moldova is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria). Serbia is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Kiev (Ukraine). Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Moldova
Monaco	2007	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in November 2007.[206]
Netherlands	1899	Netherlands have an embassy in Belgrade.[207] Serbia has an embassy in The Hague.[208] There are 40,000 people of Serbian descent living in the Netherlands. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia (in Dutch only) Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with the Netherlands
Norway	1942	See Norway–Serbia relations Norway has an embassy in Belgrade, led by ambassador Arne Sannes Bjørnstad.[209] Serbia has an embassy in Oslo.[210] Norway supported the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and later participated in the Kosovo Force. The two countries signed a military cooperation agreement.[211]
Poland	1919	See Poland–Serbia relations Poland has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Warsaw. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Poland
Portugal	October 1917	See Portugal–Serbia relations Portugal has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Lisbon. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Portugal
Romania	April 1879	See Romania–Serbia relations Romania has an embassy in Belgrade, a general consulate in Vršac. Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest, a general consulate in Timișoara.
Russia	1838	See Russia–Serbia relations Serbia has an embassy in Moscow Russia has an embassy in Belgrade and a liaison office to UNMIK in Pristina. Diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were established on 24 June 1940, and Serbia and the Russian Federation recognize the continuity of all inter-State documents signed between the two countries. There are about 70 bilateral treaties, agreements and protocols signed in the past. Serbia and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified 43 bilateral agreements and treaties in diverse areas of mutual cooperation so far.[212]
San Marino	14 February 2002	See San Marino–Serbia relations Serbia covers San Marino from an embassy in Rome. Bilateral Relations with San Marino, Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Slovakia	1993	See Serbia–Slovakia relations Serbia has an embassy in Bratislava.[213] Slovakia has an embassy in Belgrade.[214] Serbian Ministry of Foreign affairs about the relation with Slovakia
Spain	October 1916	See Serbia–Spain relations Serbia has an embassy in Madrid.[215] Spain has an embassy in Belgrade.[216] There are around 4,400 people of Serbian descent living in Spain. Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain Spanish Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Serbia (in Spanish only)
Sweden	1917	See Serbia–Sweden relations Serbia has an embassy in Stockholm. Sweden has an embassy in Belgrade.[217] Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
Switzerland	1916	See Serbia–Switzerland relations Switzerland has an embassy in Belgrade.[218] Serbia has an embassy in Bern and two general consulates (in Geneva and Zurich).[219][220] There are around 186,000 people of Serbian descent living in Switzerland.[221] (See Serbs in Switzerland) Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Switzerland Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Serbia
Ukraine	15 April 1994	See Serbia–Ukraine relations Serbia recognized Ukraine in December 1991 by the decision on the recognition of the former republics of the Soviet Union. Ukraine has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Kiev.
United Kingdom	1837	See Serbia–United Kingdom relations The UK has an embassy in Belgrade.[222] Serbia has an embassy in London.[223] There are around 70,000 people of Serbian descent living in the United Kingdom. (See Serbs in the United Kingdom) British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about relations with Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with the United Kingdom

Oceania

Country	Formal relations began	Notes
Australia	1966	See Australia–Serbia relations Australia has an embassy in Belgrade.[224] Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney. The European office of the Australian Federal Police is located in Belgrade as of 2003. Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Serbia Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia Increasing Australian Business Activities with Serbia
Fiji	1976
New Zealand	1951	New Zealand is represented in Serbia through its embassy in The Hague (Netherlands). Serbia is represented in New Zealand through its embassy in Canberra (Australia). New Zealand and Serbia have four bilateral treaties in force including the most favoured nation treaty from 1960. Trade between the two countries was based on a very modest exchange totaling US$2.3 million in 2006 but it rose significantly in 2007 to EUR 805 million.[225] In the 2006 census, over 1,000 New Zealand residents claimed to be of Serbian ethnicity.[226]
Palau	January 2019	Formal bilateral relations between the two states were established in January 2019 during the first visit of President of Palau Thomas Remengesau Jr. to Belgrade.[227][228][229]
Papua New Guinea	1976	Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1976.[230]
Solomon Islands	13 September 2012	Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 13 September 2012.[231]
Tonga	1 March 2013

See also

• Government of Serbia
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• List of diplomatic missions in Serbia
• List of diplomatic missions of Serbia
• Visa requirements for Serbian citizens
• Serbia in intergovernmental organizations
• Serbian Blue Book

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231. "Solomon Islands". www.mfa.gov.rs.

Further reading

• Schevill, Ferdinand. History of the Balkans (1922) online
• Stavrianos, L. S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), a comprehensive scholarly history
• Trivanovitch, Vaso. "Serbia, Russia, and Austria during the Rule of Milan Obrenovich, 1868-78" Journal of Modern History (1931) 3#3 pp. 414-440 online

External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia