2014 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2014.

Species described in 2014

Plants

Cnidarians

Newly described cnidarians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acanthophyllia indica[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Acanthophyllia patellata[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Acropora macrocalyx[3]	Sp. nov	Valid[4]	Wallace & Bosellini	Early Miocene (Burdigalian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora piedmontensis[3]	Sp. nov	Valid[4]	Wallace & Bosellini	Early Miocene (Burdigalian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora salentina[3]	Sp. nov	Valid[4]	Wallace & Bosellini	Oligocene (Chattian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora slovenica[3]	Sp. nov	Valid[4]	Wallace & Bosellini	Oligocene (Rupelian)	Gornji Grad beds	Slovenia	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Anisocoenia bhimpuraensis[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Antillia kathiawarensis[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Antillocyathus gopiae[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Arctistrotion[5]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Lithostrotionidae. The type species is Arctistrotion variabilis; genus also contains "Lithostrotionella" wahooensis Armstrong (1972) and Arctistrotion simplex.
Axophyllum cozari[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Viséan)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Axophyllum julianaense[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Axophyllum spinosum[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Axophyllum spiralum[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Viséan)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Balanophyllia feddeni[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Balanophyllia.
Cambroctoconus kyrgyzstanicus[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel in Geyer et al.	Cambrian (Amgan)		Kyrgyzstan	A stem-cnidarian, a species of Cambroctoconus.
Caryophyllia octamerala[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Caryophyllia.
Cyathoceras miocenica[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Cyphastrea stellata[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Dendrophyllia gajaensis[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Dendrophyllia.
Diploastrea gajaensis[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Diploastrea.
Diploastrea khatumbaensis[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Diploastrea.
Favia satyanarayanai[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Favia.
Galaxea indica[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral, a species of Galaxea.
Haootia[8]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Ediacaran	Fermeuse Formation	Canada	A probable cnidarian, possibly related to Medusozoa. The type species is Haootia quadriformis.
Halysites miyazakiensis[9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Adachi	Silurian (Ludlow)	Gionyama Formation	Japan	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Halysitida and the family Halysitidae.
Leptastrea lowraliensis[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Montastrea pandeyi[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.
Morenaphyllum[6]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous		Kazakhstan Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae. The type species is M. antolinense; genus also includes new species M. boyerense, as well as "Carcinophyllum lonsdaleiforme" pauciseptata Bykova (1966) (raised to the rank of a distinct species).
Multithecopora tobinosuensis[10]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko, Haikawa & Fujikawa	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Akiyoshi Limestone Group	Japan	A tabulate coral.
Paraheritschioides compositus[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Wahoo Limestone	United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Kleopatrinidae, a species of Paraheritschioides.
Paraheritschioides katvalae[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Saginaw Bay Formation	United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Kleopatrinidae, a species of Paraheritschioides.
Pareynia viacrucense[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rodríguez & Somerville	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		Spain	A rugose coral belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Axophyllidae.
Sinobryon[11]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baliński, Sun & Dzik	Ordovician (early Floian)	Fenxiang Formation	China	A hydrozoan, a member of Hydroidolina. The type species is Sinobryon elongatum.
Thamnopora itoae[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko, Ibaraki & Tazawa	Devonian		Japan	A tabulate coral belonging to the group Favositida and the family Pachyporidae.
Thurispina[13]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Weyer	Devonian (late Famennian)		Germany	A member of Rugosa. The type species is Thurispina jogi.
Triadufimia[14]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Machłajewska	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		Poland	A member of Rugosa belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Stereophrentidae. The type species is T. coepta.
Trochocyathus (Platycyathus) kaliae[2]	Sp nov	Valid	Jain	Neogene		India	A stony coral.

Arthropods

Bryozoans

Newly described bryozoans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Ernstipora[15]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Suárez-Andrés & Wyse Jackson	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A bryozoan belonging to the group Fenestrata. Genus includes new species E. mackinneyi.
Pirabasoporella[16]	Gen. et 3 sp. nov	Valid	Zágoršek et al.	Miocene	Baitoa Formation Chipola Formation Pirabas Formation	Brazil Dominican Republic United States	An ascophoran belonging to the family Jaculinidae. The type species is P. atalaiaensis; genus also includes P. baitoae and P. chipolae.
Pseudokololophos[17]	Gen. et sp. nov.	Valid	Martha, Taylor, Matsuyama & Scholz	Early Cenomanian	Essen Greensand Formation	Germany	A cyclostome bryozoan. Genus includes new species P. radioporides.

Brachiopods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acanthocrania elusa[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Akmolina? tubulus[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival et al.	Cambrian (Furongian)	Sluice Box Formation	New Zealand	A brachiopod belonging to the group Acrotretida and the family Ephippelasmatidae.
Alpeis[20]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Wangyuiidae. The type species is "Mimella" tolenensis Borissiak (1972).
Ashinaorthis[20]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Plectorthidae. The type species is "Mimella" recta Klenina (1984).
Athyris africana[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schemm-Gregory	Devonian (late Givetian)		Western Sahara	An athyridid brachiopod, a species of Athyris.
Beethovenia[22]	Gen. et 3 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Pragian and Emsian)		Belgium France Spain Germany?	A strophodontid brachiopod. The type species is Beethovenia beethoveni; genus also includes new species B. bachi and B. brahmsi, as well as B. acutiplicata (Oehlert & Davoust, 1879) and possibly "Stropheodonta" steiningeri Drevermann (1907).
Bokotorthis minuta[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of the family Plaesiomyidae.
Boreadorthis sheehani[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom	A brachiopod.
Buminomena[20]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Strophomenoidea belonging to the family Glyptomenidae. The type species is "Oepikina" abayi Klenina (1984).
Chaohochonetes[23]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian) to Early Triassic	Talung Formation or Yinkeng Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae. The type species is C. triangusinuata.
Chonetoidea enbektenensis[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Xenambonitidae.
Christiania nilssoni sholeshookensis[18]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Cirpa alkayae[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vörös	Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)		Turkey	A wellerellid rhynchonellid brachiopod, a species of Cirpa.
Craniops pristina[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan
Cryptothyris magnifica[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Dalmanella kotyrzhalica[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Dalmanellidae.
Dedzetina major[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Diambonioidea koknaiensis[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Hesperomenidae.
Enbektenorthis[20]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Wangyuiidae. The type species is E. molesta.
Eostropheodonta portfieldensis[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Fardenia gwaliae[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Foliomena xinjiangensis[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhan et al.	Ordovician (late Katian)	Yinpingshan Formation	China
Gibbodouvillina[26]	Gen et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian		Germany Morocco Spain United Kingdom	A member of family Douvillinidae. The type species is "Strophomena" taeniolata G. & F. Sandberger (1856); genus also includes "Orthis" interstrialis Phillips (1841). Announced in 2013; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2014.
Gigastropheodonta[26]	Gen et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian		France Germany Morocco Spain United Kingdom	A member of family Strophodontidae. The type species is "Leptaena (Strophomena)" gigas McCoy (1852); genus also includes "Boucotstrophia" minor Jahnke (1981), "Boucotstrophia" velica García-Alcalde (1992) and "Boucotstrophia" jahnkei Aït-Malek, Racheboeuf & Lazreq (2000). Announced in 2013; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2014.
Glyptorthis splendens[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Gunnarella mcdermotti[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Harknessella stevensorum[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Holmerglossa[20]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation Weston Formation	Kazakhstan United Kingdom	A member of the family Obolidae. The type species is "Pseudolingula" spatula Williams (1974).
Kassinella kasbalensis[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Hesperomenidae.
Kassinella tarimensis[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhan et al.	Ordovician (late Katian)	Yinpingshan Formation	China
Kozlowskites botobaicus[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Sowerbyellidae.
Kullervo grandis[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Lambdarina jugowiensis[27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Muszer	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Sokolec Beds	Poland	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Lambdarinidae.
Leangella (Leangella) bakanasensis[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Leptestiidae.
Leoniorthis rubeli[28]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hints	Ordovician		Estonia Russia	A brachiopod belonging to the group Orthida and the family Orthidae.
Mackerrovia? jinei[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Maruia[19]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Percival et al.	Cambrian (Furongian)	Sluice Box Formation	New Zealand	A brachiopod, possibly a member of Acrotretida. The type species is M. castellum.
Meekella? sparsiplicata[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Orthotetida and to the family Meekellidae.
Mirilingula antipodes[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival et al.	Cambrian (Furongian)	Sluice Box Formation	New Zealand	A brachiopod belonging to the group Linguloidea and the family Lingulellotretidae.
Neochonetes (Huangichonetes?) wufengensis[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Neochonetes (Zhongyingia?) liaoi[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Neoplatystrophia deani[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Nicolella crabbi[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Nisusia granosa[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao, Wang & Zhao	Cambrian	Kaili Formation	China	A brachiopod, a species of Nisusia.
Orbiculoidea liaoi[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Permian (Lopingian)		China	A brachiopod belonging to the family Discinidae.
Parapygmochonetes[23]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Changxing Formation Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Anopliidae. The type species is "Fusiproductus" baoqingensis Liao in Zhao et al. (1981); genus also includes new species P. parvulus He & Shi in He et al..
Paryphella majiashanensis[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Productidina and to the family Productellidae.
Paryphella minuta[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)–earliest Triassic	Yinkeng Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Productidina and to the family Productellidae.
Phragmorthis eximia[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Phragmorthidae.
Plicostropheodonta crassicosta[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A strophodontid brachiopod, a species of Plicostropheodonta.
Plicostropheodonta latronensis[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A strophodontid brachiopod, a species of Plicostropheodonta.
Rhenostropheodonta[26]	Gen et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian	Emsquarzit Formation Hohenrhein Formation Wiltz Formation	Germany	A member of family Strophodontidae. The type species is R. rhenana; genus also includes "Strophomena" piligera G. & F. Sandberger (1856). Announced in 2013; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2014.
Rogorthis[28]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Hints	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Kandle Formation Pakri Formation	Estonia	A brachiopod belonging to the group Orthida and the family Orthidae. The type species is "Cyrtonotella" pakriensis Rubel (1961).
Rongatrypa[20]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Dulankara Formation Liujiapo Formation Namas Formation Shiyanbe Formation Taldyboi Formation Tauken Formation	China Kazakhstan	A member of Atrypoidea belonging to the family Atrypinidae. The type species is "Nalivkinia (Pronalivkinia)" zvontsovi Nikitin, Popov & Bassett (2003); genus also includes "Rhynchotrema" instabilis Klenina (1984), "Rhynchotrema" rudis Rukavishnikova (1956) and "Nalivkinia (Anabaria)" xichuanensis Xu (1997).
Salopia posterior[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Sampo transversa[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Sericoidea minuta[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhan et al.	Ordovician (late Katian)	Yinpingshan Formation	China
Spiriferellina fredericksi[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Permian (Wordian)		Japan Russia	A spiriferellinid spiriferinid brachiopod.
Strophomena (Tetraphalerella) namasensis[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation	Kazakhstan
Tethyochonetes rectangularis[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Talung Formation	China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Tethyochonetes? sinuata[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	He & Shi in He et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)		China	A brachiopod belonging the group Chonetidina and to the family Rugosochonetidae.
Tolen[32]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Holmer, Popov & Bassett	Ordovician (Katian)	Akdombak Formation	Kazakhstan	A brachiopod belonging to the class Chileata and the order Chileida. The type species is T. multicostatus.
Trifissura[32]	Gen. et comb et sp. nov	Valid	Holmer, Popov & Bassett	Silurian	Coalbrookdale Formation	Sweden United Kingdom	A brachiopod belonging to the class Chileata and the order Chileida. The type species is "Obolus" davidsoni var. transversus Salter in Davidson (1866) (raised to the rank of the separate species Trifissura transversa); genus also includes new species T. rigida.
Triplesia hintsae[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cocks	Late Ordovician		United Kingdom
Wrightiops[20]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Popov & Cocks	Late Ordovician	Taldyboi Formation	Kazakhstan	A member of the family Craniopsidae. The type species is "Paracraniops" nikitini Goriansky (1972).

Molluscs

Echinoderms

Conodonts

Newly described conodonts

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acuminatella binodosa[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella constricta[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella curvata[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella denticulata[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella? extensa[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella longicarinata[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella? prima[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella sagittale[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Acuminatella sinuosa[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Belodina longxianensis minor[34]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Cai, Yuan & Wu	Late Ordovician	Lianglitag Formation	China	A subspecies of Belodina longxianensis.
Carnepigondolella anitae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Ludington Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Carnepigondolella gibsoni[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Ludington Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Carnepigondolella milanae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Carnepigondolella postsamueli[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Carnepigondolella spenceri[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Furnishina holmi[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bagnoli & Stouge	Cambrian (late Furongian)	Alum Shale Formation	Sweden	A species of Furnishina.
Gobduntaulepis[36]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Early Ordovician		Uzbekistan	A replacement name for Acantholepis Pianovskij in Pianovskij, Pianovskaja & Aleksandrova, 1989 (preoccupied).
Hindeodus microdentatus[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian–Triassic boundary		China	A species of Hindeodus.
Icriodella rhodesi[38]	Sp. nov	Valid[39]	Bergström & Ferretti	Late Ordovician	Keisley Limestone	United Kingdom	A species of Icriodella.
Kraussodontus ludingtonensis[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Ludington Formation Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus margaretae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus roberti[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus rosiae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus urbanae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus vancouverense[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Kraussodontus wendae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Metapolygnathus dylani[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Neogondolella prediscreta[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Earliest Triassic		China	A species of Neogondolella.
Norigondolella norica[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parafurnishius[40]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Early Triassic (Induan)	Feixianguan Formation	China	A member of Ellisoniidae. The type species is Parafurnishius xuanhanensis.
Parapetella beattyi[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella broatchae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella clareae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella columbiense[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella cordillerense[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella destinae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella elegantula[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella hillarae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella irwini[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella johnpauli[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella lanei[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella posterolata[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella prominens angulare[33]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella prominens circulare[33]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella prominens prominens[33]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella pumilio[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella riteri[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella rubae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Parapetella willifordi[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Polygnathus alkhovikovae[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus aragonensis[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus arthuri[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus bardashevi[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus carlsi[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus communis longanensis[43]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Qie et al.	Carboniferous (latest Tournaisian)	Long’an Formation	China	A polygnathid, a subspecies of Polygnathus communis.
Polygnathus dujieensis[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qie et al.	Carboniferous (latest Tournaisian)	Long’an Formation	China	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus ivanowskyii[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus karsteni[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus lezhoevi[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus michaelmurphyi[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus ramoni[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus settedabanicus[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus yakutensis[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Primatella bifida[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella circulare[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella elongata[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella mclearni[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella oblonga[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella ovale[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella posteroglobosa[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella rectangulare[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella rhomboidale[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella rotunda[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella stanleyi[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella subquadrata[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella triangulare[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Primatella vanlierae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella deflecta[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella karenae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella kathleenae[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella mcrobertsi[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella pardoneti[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella posteroexpansa[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Ludington Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella postlobata[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella praecommunisti curvata[33]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella praecommunisti ornata[33]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella roysi[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella sigmoidale[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Quadralella willistonense[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Orchard	Late Triassic	Pardonet Formation	Canada	A member of Gondolellidae.
Siphonodella nandongensis[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Carboniferous	Baping Formation	China	A species of Siphonodella.
Westergaardodina asinina[35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bagnoli & Stouge	Cambrian (late Furongian)	Alum Shale Formation	Sweden	A species of Westergaardodina.

Fishes

Amphibians

Basalmost tetrapods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Weberepeton[45]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Clément & Lebedev	Late Devonian (late Frasnian)	Probably Smota-Lovat’ Formation	Russia	A member of Elginerpetontidae. The type species is Weberepeton sondalensis.

Research

Specimens of Micromelerpeton crederni with abnormalities in their limbs interpreted as a result of limb regeneration are described by Fröbisch, Bickelmann and Witzmann (2014).[46]
Redescription of Mahavisaurus dentatus and Lyrosaurus australis and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the rhytidosteids is published by Maganuco, Pasini & Auditore (2014).[47]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Antarctosuchus[48]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sidor, Steyer & Hammer	Middle Triassic	Fremouw Formation	Antarctica	A capitosauroid. The type species is Antarctosuchus polyodon.
Leptorophus raischi[49]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schoch	Early Permian	Saar–Nahe Basin	Germany	A branchiosaurid, a species of Leptorophus.
Megalophthalma[50]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid[51]	Schoch, Milner & Witzmann	Middle Triassic (late Ladinian)	Erfurt Formation	Germany	A plagiosaurid. The type species is Megalophthalma ockerti.
Nanobamus[52]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schoch & Milner	Early Permian	Arroyo Formation	United States	An amphibamid. The type species is Nanobamus macrorhinus.

Chroniosuchians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Dromotectum abditum[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shishkin, Novikov & Fortuny	Early Triassic		Russia	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian, a species of Dromotectum.
Dromotectum largum[54]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Permian	Shangshihezi Formation	China	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian, a species of Dromotectum.
Jiyuanitectum[54]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Permian	Shangshihezi Formation	China	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian. The type species is Jiyuanitectum flatum.
Vyushkoviana[53]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shishkin, Novikov & Fortuny	Early Triassic		Russia	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian. The type species is Vyushkoviana operta.

Research

The humerus bone of a large calyptocephalellid anuran, apparently one of the largest fossil anurans known to date, is described by Otero et al. (2014) from the Eocene of Chile.[55]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Eopelobates deani[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Roček et al.	Early middle Eocene	Green River Formation	United States	A relative of the European spadefoot toads, a species of Eopelobates.

Ichthyopterygians

Research

Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Cretaceous ophthalmosaurids Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi and Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis are reevaluated by Fischer et al. (2014).[57]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Janusaurus[58]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Roberts et al.	Late Jurassic	Agardhfjellet Formation	Norway	An ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Janusaurus lundi. Zverkov & Prilepskaya (2019) considered Janusaurus to be a junior synonym of the genus Arthropterygius, though the authors maintained J. lundi as a distinct species within the latter genus;[59] Delsett et al. (2019) rejected this synonymy.[60]
Leninia[61]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fischer et al.	Early Cretaceous (early Aptian)		Russia	An ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Leninia stellans.
Sisteronia[62]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fischer et al.	Cretaceous (early Albian to early Cenomanian)	Cambridge Greensand Gault Formation Marnes Bleues Formation	France United Kingdom	A platypterygiine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Sisteronia seeleyi.
Undorosaurus trautscholdi[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Arkhangelsky & Zverkov	Late Jurassic		Russia	An ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur, a species of Undorosaurus.

Sauropterygians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aristonectes quiriquinensis[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Otero et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian)	Quiriquina Formation	Chile	A plesiosaur, a species of Aristonectes.
Cymatosaurus erikae[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maisch	Middle Triassic (earliest Anisian)	Röt Formation	Germany	A species of Cymatosaurus.
Majiashanosaurus[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jiang et al.	Early Triassic (Olenekian)	Nanlinghu Formation	China	A basal member of Eosauropterygia. The type species is Majiashanosaurus discocoracoidis.
Nothosaurus zhangi[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Guanling Formation	China	A nothosaur, a species of Nothosaurus.
Odoiporosaurus[68]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Renesto, Binelli & Hagdorn	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Besano Formation	Italy	A pachypleurosaur. The type species is Odoiporosaurus teruzzii.
Pararcus[69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Klein & Scheyer	Middle Triassic (early Anisian)	Vossenveld Formation	Netherlands	A placodont. The type species is Pararcus diepenbroeki.
Pliosaurus patagonicus[70]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gasparini & O'Gorman	Late Jurassic (middle Tithonian)	Vaca Muerta Formation	Argentina	A species of Pliosaurus.

Lepidosaurs

Newly named rhynchocephalians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Kawasphenodon peligrensis[71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Apesteguia, Gómez & Rougier	Palaeocene	Salamanca Formation	Argentina	An opisthodontian sphenodontid, a species of Kawasphenodon.
Priosphenodon minimus[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Apesteguia & Carballido	Early Cretaceous	Cerro Barcino Formation	Argentina	An eilenodontine sphenodontid, a species of Priosphenodon.

Newly named lizards

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Blanus mendezi[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bolet et al.	Miocene (11.6 Mya)	Vallès-Penedès Basin	Spain	An amphisbaenian, a species of Blanus.
Blanus thomaskelleri[74]	Sp. nov	Valid[75]	Čerňanský, Rage & Klembara	Early Miocene		Germany	An amphisbaenian, a species of Blanus.
Calanguban[76]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid[77]	Simões, Caldwell & Kellner	Early Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil	A scleroglossan lizard with scincomorph affinities. The type species is Calanguban alamoi.
Dakotaseps[78]	Nom. nov	Valid	Nydam	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Dakota Formation	United States	A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement, assigned by Nydam (2013) to an informal paramacellodid-cordylid grade;[79] a replacement name for Dakotasaurus Nydam (2013) (preoccupied).
Funiusaurus[80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Xu et al.	Late Cretaceous	Qiupa Formation	China	A member of Polyglyphanodontidae. The type species is Funiusaurus luanchuanensis.
Maioricalacerta[81]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bailon et al.	Early Pliocene (Zanclean)		Spain	A member of Lacertidae. The type species is Maioricalacerta rafelinensis.
Pyrenasaurus[82]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bolet & Augé	Late Eocene		France Spain	A member of Scincoidea, possibly a skink. The type species is Pyrenasaurus evansae.

Newly named snakes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Adinophis[83]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pritchard et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A member of Madtsoiidae. The type species is Adinophis fisaka.
Indophis fanambinana[83]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pritchard et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A member of Nigerophiidae, a species of Indophis.
Rukwanyoka[84]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	McCartney et al.	Oligocene	Nsungwe Formation	Tanzania	The most ancient booid snake and boa from Africa. The type species is Rukwanyoka holmani.
Seismophis[85]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hsiou et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Alcântara Formation	Brazil	A snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a relative of Najash rionegrina. The type species is Seismophis septentrionalis.

Turtles

Research

Redescription of the rediscovered holotype of the Jurassic turtle Plesiochelys etalloni is published by Anquetin, Deschamps & Claude (2014).[86]

Newly named turtles

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Alienochelys[87]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	de Lapparent de Broin et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Oulad Abdoun Basin	Morocco	A sea turtle, a member of Dermochelyoidae. The type species is Alienochelys selloumi.
Allaeochelys libyca[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Havlik, Joyce & Böhme	Miocene (Langhian)		Libya	A relative of the pig-nosed turtle, a species of the (possibly paraphyletic) genus Allaeochelys.
Ashleychelys[89]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Weems & Sanders	Oligocene		United States	A pancheloniid sea turtle. The type species is Ashleychelys palmeri.
Atolchelys[90]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Romano et al.	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Morro do Chaves Formation	Brazil	A bothremydid pleurodiran. The type species is Atolchelys lepida.
Brodiechelys royoi[91]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez-García, Gasulla & Ortega	Early Aptian	Arcillas de Morella Formation	Spain	A xinjiangchelyid, a species of Brodiechelys.
Cheirogaster bacharidisi[92]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vlachos, Tsoukala & Corsini	Pliocene	Gonia Formation	Greece	A tortoise, originally described as a species belonging to the genus Cheirogaster. Subsequently, transferred by Pérez-García & Vlachos (2014) to the genus Titanochelon.[93]
Eodortoka[94]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pérez-García, Gasulla & Ortega	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Arcillas de Morella Formation	Spain	A dortokid, a member of the clade Pan-Pleurodira (containing living pleurodirans and all turtles that are more closely related to them than to cryptodirans). The type species is Eodortoka morellana.
Gobiapalone[95]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid[96]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Maastrichtian)	Barun Goyot Formation Bayan Shireh Formation Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid. The type species is "Amyda" orlovi Khosatzky (1976); genus also contains new species Gobiapalone breviplastra. The genus Gobiapalone was considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Kuhnemys by Georgalis & Joyce (2017), though the authors maintained G. orlovi and G. breviplastra as distinct species within the latter genus.[97]
Hylaeochelys kappa[98]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez-García & Ortega	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Freixial Formation	Portugal	A basal member of Eucryptodira, a species of Hylaeochelys.
Judithemys kranzi[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weems	Paleocene (early Thanetian)	Aquia Formation	United States	A member of (likely paraphyletic) group "Macrobaenidae", a species of Judithemys.
Nemegtemys[95]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid[96]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A cyclanorbine trionychid. The type species is Nemegtemys conflata.
Osonachelus[100]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	de Lapparent de Broin et al.	Eocene (late Bartonian)	Vic-Manlleu Marls Formation	Spain	A cheloniid sea turtle. The type species is Osonachelus decorata.
Procolpochelys charlestonensis[89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weems & Sanders	Oligocene		United States	A pancheloniid sea turtle; a species of Procolpochelys.
Riodevemys[101]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid[102]	Pérez-García, Royo-Torres & Cobos	Late Jurassic		Spain	A pleurosternid paracryptodiran. The type species is Riodevemys inumbragigas.
Tacuarembemys[103]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Perea et al.	Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous	Tacuarembó Formation	Uruguay	A turtle of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Tacuarembemys kusterae.
Titanochelon[93]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Pérez-García & Vlachos	Early Miocene to early Pleistocene		Austria Bulgaria France Germany Greece Portugal Spain Switzerland Turkey Malta?	A tortoise; a new genus for "Testudo" bolivari Hernández-Pacheco (1917). Genus also contains "Testudo" eurysternum Gervais (1848–1852), "Testudo" ginsburgi de Broin (1977), "Testudo" vitodurana Biedermann (1862), "Cheirogaster" steinbacheri Karl (1996), "Testudo" leberonensis Depéret (1890), "Testudo" schafferi Szalai (1931), "Testudo" perpiniana Depéret (1885) and "Cheirogaster" bacharidisi Vlachos et al. (2014). Genus might also contain "Testudo" gymnesicus Bate (1914).
‘Trionyx’ baynshirensis[95]	Sp. nov	Valid[96]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian)	Bayan Shireh Formation	Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.
‘Trionyx’ dissolutus[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vitek & Danilov	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Uzbekistan	A trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.
‘Trionyx’ gilbentuensis[95]	Sp. nov	Valid[96]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.
‘Trionyx’ gobiensis[95]	Sp. nov	Valid[96]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.
‘Trionyx’ shiluutulensis[95]	Sp. nov	Valid[96]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.

Archosauromorphs

Research

A redescription of Tasmaniosaurus triassicus is published by Ezcurra (2014).[105]
A revision of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the archosauriform Dorosuchus neoetus is published by Sookias et al. (2014).[106]
A revision of putative euparkeriids from the Triassic of China is published by Sookias et al. (2014).[107]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aenigmastropheus[108]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ezcurra, Scheyer & Bulter	Late Permian (Wuchiapingian)	Usili Formation	Tanzania	A non-archosauriform archosauromorph, probably a protorosaurian. The type species is Aenigmastropheus parringtoni.
Garjainia madiba[109]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gower et al.	Early Triassic (late Olenekian)	Burgersdorp Formation	South Africa	An erythrosuchid archosauriform, a species of Garjainia.
Hyperodapedon tikiensis[110]	Sp. nov	Valid[111]	Mukherjee & Ray	Late Triassic	Tiki Formation	India	A rhynchosaur, a species of Hyperodapedon.
Proterosuchus goweri[112]	Sp. nov	Valid[113]	Ezcurra & Butler	Early Triassic		South Africa	A proterosuchid archosauriform, a species of Proterosuchus.
Pseudochampsa[114]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Trotteyn & Ezcurra	Late Triassic (late Carnian or earliest Norian)	Ischigualasto Formation	Argentina	A proterochampsid archosauriform; a new genus for "Chanaresuchus" ischigualastensis Trotteyn, Martínez & Alcober (2012).

Research

A study of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, Turfanosuchus dabanensis and Yonghesuchus sangbiensis is published by Butler et al. (2014).[115]
A study on the impact of sea level variations and sea surface temperatures on the evolution of marine crocodylomorphs is published by Martin et al. (2014).[116]
A study of jaw mechanism and dental function in heterodont crocodyliforms is published by Ősi (2014).[117]
A study on the types of serration in the teeth of members of the genus Machimosaurus is published by Young et al. (2014).[118]
The atoposaurid crocodyliform genus Alligatorellus is revised by Tennant and Mannion (2014).[119]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Allodaposuchus palustris[120]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blanco et al.	Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian)	Tremp Formation	Spain	A eusuchian crocodylomorph, a species of Allodaposuchus.
Anthracosuchus[121]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hastings, Bloch & Jaramillo	Paleocene	Cerrejón Formation	Colombia	A dyrosaurid crocodyliform. The type species is Anthracosuchus balrogus.
Aplestosuchus[122]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godoy et al.	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	A baurusuchid crocodylomorph. The type species is Aplestosuchus sordidus.
Caipirasuchus stenognathus[123]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pol et al.	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	A sphagesaurid crocodylomorph, a species of Caipirasuchus.
Diplocynodon remensis[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martin et al.	Late Paleocene		France	A member of Alligatoroidea, a species of Diplocynodon.
Machimosaurus buffetauti[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Young et al.	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)		France Germany Poland? United Kingdom?	A teleosaurid crocodylomorph, a species of Machimosaurus. Considered to be a junior synonym of Machimosaurus hugii by Martin, Vincent & Falconnet (2015).[126]
Nundasuchus[127]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Nesbitt et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Manda Beds	Tanzania	A member of Archosauriformes of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a pseudosuchian. The type species is Nundasuchus songeaensis.
Polesinesuchus[128]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Roberto-da-Silva et al.	Late Triassic	Santa Maria Formation	Brazil	An aetosaur. The type species is Polesinesuchus aurelioi.
Rukwasuchus[129]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sertich & O’Connor	Cretaceous (Aptian to Cenomanian)	Galula Formation	Tanzania	A peirosaurid crocodyliform. The type species is Rukwasuchus yajabalijekundu.
Sahitisuchus[130]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kellner, Pinheiro & Campos	Paleocene (Itaboraian)	Itaboraí Formation	Brazil	A sebecid crocodylomorph. The type species is Sahitisuchus fluminensis.
Wannchampsus[131]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Adams	Early Cretaceous (late Aptian)	Twin Mountains Formation	United States	A paralligatorid neosuchian crocodylomorph. The type species is Wannchampsus kirpachi.

Research

A study on the patterns of body size evolution in dinosaurs is published by Benson et al. (2014).[132]
A study of size changes and rates of anatomical innovation in the theropod lineage ancestral to birds is published by Lee et al. (2014).[133]
A study of evolution of body size and forelimb length in birds and nov-avian coelurosaurian theropods is published by Puttick, Thomas and Benton (2014).[134]
A phylogenetic analysis of bird and non-avian coelurosaurian theropod relationships and a study of rates of morphological evolution and changes in morphological disparity across the dinosaur-bird transition is published by Brusatte et al. (2014).[135]
A description of abelisaurid teeth from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal and a phylogenetic analysis of theropod relationships based on dental characters is published by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014).[136]
A study of theropod diversity in the Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) of Tunisia is published by Fanti et al. (2014).[137]
A juvenile specimen of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii is described by Porfiri et al. (2014).[138]
A study of European fossil record of Ornithomimosauria is published by Allain et al. (2014).[139]
A study on the morphological variability and function of manual claws in theropod dinosaurs, especially in therizinosaurs, is published by Lautenschlager (2014).[140]
A study of flight ability in some non-avian paravian theropods is published by Sorkin (2014).[141]
"Saurornitholestes" robustus, initially thought to be a dromaeosaurid, is reinterpreted as a troodontid by Evans et al. (2014).[142]
A well-preserved specimen of Microraptor zhaoianus is described by Pei et al. (2014).[143]
A study of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes is published by McPhee et al. (2014).[144]
A study on the differences in skull anatomy of Diplodocus and Camarasaurus, and on their implications for inferring possible niche partitioning between Late Jurassic sauropod taxa known from the Morrison Formation, is published by Button, Rayfield & Barrett (2014).[145]
Fragmentary partial skeleton of a small sauropod belonging to the genus Haplocanthosaurus collected from the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado is described by Foster & Wedel (2014).[146]
The purported size of the holotype vertebra of Amphicoelias fragillimus is reevaluated by Woodruff and Foster (2014).[147]
A study of phylogenetic relationships of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis is published by Mocho, Royo-Torres and Ortega (2014).[148]
A study of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Aragosaurus ischiaticus is published by Royo-Torres et al. (2014).[149]
A study of titanosaur osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous Lo Hueco site in Cuenca, Spain is published by Vidal, Ortega and Sanz (2014).[150]
A study of species richness of South American titanosaur assemblages during the Late Cretaceous is published by Vieira et al. (2014).[151]
A study of the effect of intervertebral cartilage on neck posture of sauropod dinosaurs is published by Taylor (2014).[152]
A study of the dentition of Manidens condorensis is published by Becerra et al. (2014).[153]
A study of the postcranial anatomy of Heterodontosaurus tucki is published by Galton (2014).[154]
A study of the impact of osteoderm placement on the centre of mass of stegosaurs is published by Mallison (2014).[155]
A study of Early Cretaceous Spanish iguanodont ornithopod diversity and a description of new remains referrable to Delapparentia is published by Gasca, Canudo and Moreno-Azanza (2014).[156]
A specimen of Edmontosaurus regalis with remains of a soft-tissue cranial crest is described by Bell et al. (2014).[157]
A juvenile specimen of Edmontosaurus annectens is described by Prieto-Márquez (2014).[158]
An assemblage of Psittacosaurus juveniles associated with a larger specimen from the Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China is described by Hedrick et al. (2014).[159]
An aggregation of four juveniles of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Tugrikin Shire locality of the Djadokhta Formation in Central Gobi region, Mongolia and two associated subadults of the same species from the same locality are described by Hone et al. (2014).[160]
A study of ontogenetic changes in the craniofacial skeleton of Centrosaurus apertus is published by Frederickson and Tumarkin-Deratzian (2014).[161]
A new specimen attributable to Arrhinoceratops brachyops is described by Mallon et al. (2014).[162]
A study on the evolution of species belonging to the genus Triceratops, as indicated by their morphological variation and stratigraphic data from the Hell Creek Formation (Montana, United States), is published by Scannella et al. (2014).[163]
A new specimen of Spinosaurus is described by Ibrahim et al., with a controversial reconstruction of Spinosaurus as a quadrupedal semi-aquatic genus.[164]
Two new specimens of the previous enigma Deinocheirus are described and analysed by Lee et al. (2014).[165]
A tiny theropod was found in the South Korea. (2014)

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Adelolophus[166]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gates et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Wahweap Formation	United States	A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid. The type species is Adelolophus hutchisoni.
Allosaurus lucasi[167]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dalman	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Morrison Formation	United States	An allosauroid theropod, a species of Allosaurus.
Amargastegos[168]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Cretaceous (Barremian-early Aptian)	La Amarga Formation	Argentina	A stegosaur. The type species is Amargastegos brevicollus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Andhrasaurus[168]	Gen. et. sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian)	Kota Formation	India	A basal thyreophoran. The type species is Andhrasaurus indicus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Anzu[170]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lamanna et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian)	Hell Creek Formation	United States	A caenagnathid theropod. The type species is Anzu wyliei.	Anzu
Aquilops[171]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Farke et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Cloverly Formation	United States	A basal member of Neoceratopsia. The type species is Aquilops americanus.	Aquilops
Arcovenator[172]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tortosa et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)		France	An abelisaurid theropod. The type species is Arcovenator escotae.	Arcovenator
Camarillasaurus[173]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sánchez-Hernández & Benton	Early Cretaceous (early Barremian)	Camarillas Formation	Spain	A basal ceratosaurian. The type species is Camarillasaurus cirugedae.
Changyuraptor[174]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Han et al.	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A microraptorine dromaeosaurid theropod. The type species is Changyuraptor yangi.
Chuanqilong[175]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Han et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Jiufotang Formation	China	An ankylosaurid. The type species is Chuanqilong chaoyangensis.
Chungkingosaurus giganticus[168]	Sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Shangshaximiao Formation	China	A huayangosaurid, a species of Chungkingosaurus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Chungkingosaurus magnus[168]	Sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Shangshaximiao Formation	China	A huayangosaurid, a species of Chungkingosaurus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Datanglong[176]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mo et al.	Early Cretaceous	Xinlong Formation	China	A carcharodontosaur theropod. The type species is Datanglong guangxiensis.
Dreadnoughtus[177]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lacovara et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian or Maastrichtian)	Cerro Fortaleza Formation	Argentina	A titanosaurian sauropod. The type species is Dreadnoughtus schrani.
Eoplophysis[168]	Gen. et comb. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)	Cornbrash Formation	England	A stegosaur; a new genus for "Omosaurus" vetustus von Huene (1910). According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Eousdryosaurus[178]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Escaso et al.	Late Jurassic	Alcobaça Formation	Portugal	A dryosaurid ornithopod. The type species is Eousdryosaurus nanohallucis.
Ferganastegos[168]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Balabansai Formation	Kyrgyzstan	A stegosaur. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Fosterovenator[179]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dalman	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian/Tithonian)	Morrison Formation	United States	A theropod dinosaur. The type species is Fosterovenator churei.	Fosterovenator
Gobivenator[180]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tsuihiji et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Djadochta Formation	Mongolia	A troodontid theropod. The type species is Gobivenator mongoliensis.	Gobivenator
Gongpoquansaurus[181]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	You, Li & Dodson	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Zhonggou Formation	China	A non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid; a new genus for "Probactrosaurus" mazongshanensis Lü (1997).
Huangshanlong[182]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Huang et al.	Middle Jurassic	Hongqin Formation	China	A mamenchisaurid sauropod. The type species is Huangshanlong anhuiensis.
Kulindadromeus[183]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godefroit et al.	Middle or Late Jurassic (Bajocian to Tithonian)	Ukureyskaya Formation	Russia	A non-cerapodan neornithischian. The type species is Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus.	Kulindadromeus
Laquintasaura[184]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Barrett et al.	Early Jurassic	La Quinta Formation	Venezuela	A basal ornithischian. The type species is Laquintasaura venezuelae.	Laquintasaura
Leinkupal[185]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gallina et al.	Early Cretaceous (late Berriasian to Valanginian)	Bajada Colorada Formation	Argentina	A diplodocine diplodocid sauropod. The type species is Leinkupal laticauda.	Leinkupal
Mercuriceratops[186]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ryan et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Dinosaur Park Formation Judith River Formation	Canada United States	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid. The type species is Mercuriceratops gemini.	Mercuriceratops
Nanuqsaurus[187]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fiorillo & Tykoski	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Prince Creek Formation	United States	A tyrannosaurid theropod. The type species is Nanuqsaurus hoglundi.	Nanuqsaurus
Natronasaurus[168]	Gen. et comb. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian)	Morrison Formation	United States	A stegosaurid; a new genus for "Stegosaurus" longispinus Gilmore (1914). According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; Galton and Carpenter made "S." longispinus the type species of a new genus Alcovasaurus.[169]
Panguraptor[188]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	You et al.	Early Jurassic	Lufeng Formation	China	A coelophysoid theropod. The type species is Panguraptor lufengensis.
Pentaceratops aquilonius[189]	Sp. nov	Valid	Longrich	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)	Dinosaur Park Formation	Canada	A ceratopsid, a species of Pentaceratops.
Plesiohadros[190]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tsogtbaatar et al.	Late Cretaceous (probably late Campanian)	Djadochta Formation Beds of Alag Teeg	Mongolia	A non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid. The type species is Plesiohadros djadokhtaensis.
Qianzhousaurus[191]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lü et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		China	A tyrannosaurid theropod. The type species is Qianzhousaurus sinensis.	Qianzhousaurus
Quetecsaurus[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	González Riga & Ortiz David	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)	Cerro Lisandro Formation	Argentina	A titanosaur sauropod related to Mendozasaurus and Futalognkosaurus. The type species is Quetecsaurus rusconii.	Quetecsaurus
Rhinorex[193]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid[194]	Gates & Scheetz	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Neslen Formation	United States	A saurolophine hadrosaurid. The type species is Rhinorex condrupus.
Rukwatitan[195]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gorscak et al.	Cretaceous (Aptian to Cenomanian)	Galula Formation	Tanzania	A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is Rukwatitan bisepultus.
Saldamosaurus[168]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic	Saldam Formation	Russia	A stegosaur. The type species is Saldamosaurus tuvensis. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Scelidosaurus arizonensis[168]	Sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Jurassic (?Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)	Kayenta Formation	United States	A basal thyreophoran, a species of Scelidosaurus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Siamodracon[168]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic	Phu Kradung Formation	Thailand	A stegosaur. The type species is Siamodracon altispinus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Sinopeltosaurus[168]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Pliensbachian)	Lufeng Formation	China	A basal thyreophoran. The type species is Sinopeltosaurus minimus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Tachiraptor[196]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Langer et al.	Earliest Jurassic	La Quinta Formation	Venezuela	A stem-averostran theropod. The type species is Tachiraptor admirabilis.
Tambatitanis[197]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Saegusa and Ikeda	Early Cretaceous (probably early Albian)	Sasayama Group	Japan	A titanosauriform sauropod, a member of Somphospondyli. The type species is Tambatitanis amicitiae.
Torvosaurus gurneyi[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hendrickx & Mateus	Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian)	Lourinhã Formation	Portugal	A megalosauroid theropod, a species of Torvosaurus.
Vahiny[199]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Curry Rogers & Wilson	Late Cretaceous	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is Vahiny depereti.
Wuerhosaurus mongoliensis[168]	Sp. nov.	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)	Khukhtyk Formation	Mongolia	A stegosaur, a species of Wuerhosaurus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.[169]
Yongjinglong[200]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Cretaceous	Hekou Group	China	A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is Yongjinglong datangi.
Zaraapelta[201]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Arbour, Currie & Badamgarav	Late Cretaceous	Barun Goyot Formation	Mongolia	A member of Ankylosauridae. The type species is Zaraapelta nomadis.
Zby[202]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mateus, Mannion & Upchurch	Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian)	Lourinhã Formation	Portugal	A turiasaurian sauropod. The type species is Zby atlanticus.	Zby
Zhanghenglong[203]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Xing et al.	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)	Majiacun Formation	China	A non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid ornithopod. The type species is Zhanghenglong yangchengensis.	Zhanghenglong
Ziapelta[204]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Arbour et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)	Kirtland Formation	United States	An ankylosaurid. The type species is Ziapelta sanjuanensis.	Ziapelta

Research

A study on the antiquity of birds is published by Lee et al. (2014).[205]
A new specimen of Archaeopteryx is described by Foth, Tischlinger and Rauhut (2014).[206]
Zhongornis haoae, initially thought to be a bird, is argued to be a non-avian maniraptoran by O'Connor and Sullivan (2014).[207]
A study of ecological disparity in Early Cretaceous birds is published by Mitchell and Makovicky (2014).[208]
A subadult specimen of Zhouornis hani is described by Zhang et al. (2014).[209]
New specimen of Hongshanornis longicresta, providing new information on the anatomy, trophic ecology and aerodynamics of this species is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (China) by Chiappe et al. (2014).[210]
A study of the species status of the moa from the genus Euryapteryx is published by Huynen and Lambert (2014).[211]
A study of growth in the moa from the genus Euryapteryx is published by Huynen et al. (2014).[212]
A study of tbx5 gene of the moa from the genus Dinornis is published by Huynen et al. (2014).[213]
New samples of Miocene ratite eggs are described from Namibia by Pickford (2014), who names new ootaxa Tsondabornis psammoides, Tsondabornis minor and Namornis elimensis.[214]
Fossil remains of a relative of the hoatzin, possibly a species belonging to the genus Namibiavis, from the middle Miocene of Kenya, are described by Mayr (2014).[215]
A specimen of Pumiliornis tessellatus with preserved stomach contents including pollen grains is described by Mayr and Wilde (2014).[216]
A Late Pleistocene specimen of griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) with exceptionally well preserved fossilized soft tissues is described from the Alban Hills volcanic region, Italy by Iurino et al. (2014).[217]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aegypius varswaterensis [218]	Sp nov.	Valid	Albrecht Manegold, Marco Pavia, Pippa Haarhoff	Early Pliocene	Varswater Formation	South Africa	An Aegypius sp. related to the cinereous vulture
Anser djuktaiensis[219]	Sp nov.	Valid	Zelenkov & Kurochkin	Late Pleistocene		Russia	A species of Anser.
Australornis lovei [220]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Mayr & R. Paul Scofield	Early Paleocene	Waipara Greensand	New Zealand	An incertae sedis Neognathae, Monotypic with A. lovei.
Bambolinetta lignitifila [221]	Gen. et Comb. nov.	Valid	Mayr & Pavia	Miocene		Italy	An Anatinae genus, Comb. nov. for "Anas" lignitifila
Baselrallus intermedius [222]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	De Pietri, Gerald Mayr	Early Miocene		France	A member of the Rallidae. The type species of the new genus.
Caracara seymouri [223]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Suarez & Olson	Quaternary	La Carolina Talara Tar Seeps	Ecuador Peru	A Caracara, Falconidae.
Cryptopsar ischyrhynchus [224]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Hume	Holocene		Mauritius	A member of the Sturnidae, it is the type species of the new genus.
Eopengornis martini [225]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang, O'Connor, Zheng, Wang, Hu, Zhou	Early Cretaceous,	Huajiying Formation	China	A member of the Enantiornithes, it is the type species of the new genus.
Eudyptes calauina [226]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Hoffmeister, Carrillo Briceño, & Nielsen	Pliocene	Horcón Formation	Chile	An extinct crested penguin.
Evgenavis nobilis [227]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	O’Connor, Averianov, & Zelenkov	Barremian-Aptian	Ilek Formation	Russia	Aves incertae sedis. it is the type species of the new genus.
Falco hezhengensis [228]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zhiheng, Zhonghe, Tao, Qiang, & Clarke	Late Miocene	Linxia Basin	China	A member of the Falconidae.
Fortunguavis xiaotaizicus [229]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang Min Jingmai K. O’Connor Zhou Zhonghe	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981. This is the type species of the new genus.
Gansus zheni [230]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Di Liu Luis M. Chiappe Yuguang Zhang Alyssa Bell Qingjin Meng Qiang Ji Xuri Wang	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	An early member of Ornithuromorpha Chiappe, 2002, a species of Gansus.
Garganornis ballmanni [231]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Hanneke J. M. Meijer	Miocene	Fissure fillings	Italy	A member of the Anseriformes, this is the type species of the new genus.
Genucrassum bransatensis [232]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Vanesa L. De Pietri R. Paul Scofield	Late Oligocene	MP 30; 23.03 Mya	France	A stone-curlew, Burhinidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Grabauornis lingyuanensis[233]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Johan Dalsätt Per G.P. Ericson Zhou Zhonghe	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981. This is the type species of the new genus.
?Ibidopodia chavrochensis [234]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Vanesa L. De Pietri Gerald Mayr	Early Miocene	Chavroches MN 2	France	An Idiornithid, Idiornithidae Cariamiformes, possibly a species of Ibidopodia Milne-Edwards, 1868.
?Ibidopodia minuta [234]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Vanesa L. De Pietri Gerald Mayr	Early Miocene	Saulcet	France	An Idiornithid, Idiornithidae Cariamiformes, possibly a species of Ibidopodia Milne-Edwards, 1868.
Iteravis huchzermeyeri[235]	Gen. nov. et sp. nov.	Valid	Shuang Zhou Jingmai K. O’Connor Min Wang	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A basal member of the Ornithuromorpha Chiappe, 2002. This is the type species of the new genus.
Jeholornis curvipes [236]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Ulysse Lefèvre Dongyu Hu François Escuillié Gareth Dyke Pascal Godefroit	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A member of Avialae Gauthier, 1986, a species of Jeholornis Zhou et Zhang, 2002.
Limnofregata hutchisoni [237]	Sp. nov.	Valid[238]	Thomas A. Stidham	Early Eocene	Wasatch Formation	United States: Wyoming	A member of Fregatidae, a species of Limnofregata.
Longusunguis kurochkini [239]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang Min Zhou Zhonghe Jingmai K. O'Connor Nikita V. Zelenkov	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981 related to Bohaiornis. This is the type species of new genus.
Mergellus mochanovi [219]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Nikita V. Zelenkov Evgeny N. Kurochkin	Late Pleistocene		Russia	A member of the Anatidae related to the smew, a species of Mergellus.
Mergus milleneri [240]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Murray Williams Alan J. D. Tennyson	Holocene	Chatham Island	New Zealand	A member of the Anatidae.
Nectornis africanus [241]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Miocene	MN 5	Kenya	A cormorant, Phalacrocoracidae, a species of Nectornis Cheneval, 1984.
Nestor chathamensis[242]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jamie R. Wood Kieren J. Mitchell R. Paul Scofield Alan J. D. Tennyson in Wood et al.	Holocene	Chatham Islands	New Zealand	A New Zealand parrot belonging to the family Nestoridae Bonaparte, 1849, a species of Nestor.
?Nupharanassa mabokoensis [241]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Miocene	MN 5	Kenya	A jacana, Jacanidae, possibly a species of Nupharanassa Rasmussen, Olson et Simons, 1987.
Parabohaiornis martini [239]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang Min Zhou Zhonghe Jingmai K. O’Connor Nikita V. Zelenkov	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981 related to Bohaiornis. The type species of the new genus, placed in the family Bohaiornithidae Wang, Zhou, O’Connor et Zelenkov, 2014 with de genera Shenqiornis Wang, O’Connor, Zhao, Chiappe, Gao et Cheng, 2010, Sulcavis O’Connor, Zhang, Chiappe, Meng, Quanguo et Di, 2013, Zhouornis Zhang, Chiappe, Han et Chinsamy, 2013, Longusunguis Wang, Zhou, O’Connor et Zelenkov, 2014 and Bohaiornis Hu, Hou L. H. et Xu, 2011.
Parvavis chuxiongensis [243]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang Min Zhou Zhonghe Xu Guanghui	Late Cretaceous, Turonian to Santonian	Jiangdihe Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981. The type species of the new genus.
Pelagornis sandersi [244]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Daniel T. Ksepka	Late Oligocene	Chandler Bridge Formation, Early Chattian	USA: South Carolina	A member of the Pelagornithidae Fürbringer, 1888, a species of Pelagornis Lartet, 1857; the bird with the biggest wingspan known up to now.
Piscivoravis lii [245]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Zhou Shuang Zhou Zhonghe Jingmai K. O'Connor	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	A basal member of the Ornithuromorpha Chiappe, 2002. This is the type species the new genus.
Plotornis graculoides [221]	Comb. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr Marco Pavia	Miocene	MN 1-2	Italy	A member of the Diomedeidae, a new name for "Chenornis" graculoides Portis 1884, creating a Comb. nov.
Protoazin parisiensis [246]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr Vanesa L. De Pietri	Late Eocene	Priabonian, MP 20	France	A relative of the hoatzin, Opisthocomidae. This is the type species of the new genus.
Sobniogallus albinojamrozi [247]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Tomek, Bocheński, Wertz, & Świdnicka	Rupelian	Krosno Formation	Poland	Galliformes incertae sedis. This is the type species of the new genus.
Tianyuornis cheni [248]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Xiao-Ting, O'Connor, Xiao-Li, Xiao-Mei, & Yan	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A member of the Hongshanornithidae, the type species of the new genus.

Research

A study of pneumaticity of pterosaur wing bones is published by Martin and Palmer (2014).[249]
A complete and fully articulated juvenile specimen of Scaphognathus crassirostris is described by Bennett (2014).[250]
Partial 3D egg of Pterodaustro guinazui is described by Grellet-Tinner et al. (2014).[251]
Cearadactylus atrox is redescribed by Vila Nova et al. (2014).[252]
The taxonomy and distribution of the family Azhdarchidae is reviewed by Averianov (2014).[253]
A reevaluation of the fossil material attributed to Bakonydraco galaczi, indicating that the fossils actually represent at least two pterosaur taxa, is published by Prondvai, Bodor and Ősi (2014).[254]
A study of medullary bone-like tissue in the mandibular symphyses of Bakonydraco galaczi is published by Prondvai and Stein (2014).[255]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aerodactylus[256]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Vidovic & Martill	Late Jurassic	Solnhofen Limestone	Germany	A member of Pterodactyloidea related to Gladocephaloideus, Cycnorhamphus, Ardeadactylus and Aurorazhdarcho; a new genus for "Pterodactylus" scolopaciceps Meyer (1860).
Boreopterus giganticus[257]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiang et al.	Early Cretaceous		China	A species of Boreopterus.
Caiuajara[258]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Manzig et al.	Late Cretaceous	Bauru Basin, Caiuá Group, Goio-Erê Formation	Brazil	A tapejarid. The type species is Caiuajara dobruskii.
Hamipterus[259]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous	Tugulu Group	China	A member of Pteranodontoidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Hamipterus tianshanensis.
Ikrandraco[260]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Jiufotang Formation	China	A non-anhanguerian pteranodontoid. The type species is Ikrandraco avatar. Announced in 2014; the correction including evidence of registration in ZooBank within the work itself was published in 2020.[261]
Kryptodrakon[262]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Andres, Clark & Xu	Middle-Late Jurassic boundary		China	An early member of Pterodactyloidea. The type species is Kryptodrakon progenitor.
Maaradactylus[263]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bantim et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian or Albian)	Romualdo Formation	Brazil	A member of Anhangueridae. The type species is Maaradactylus kellneri.

Other reptiles

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Abyssomedon[264]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Macdougall & Reisz	Early Permian	Garber Formation	United States	A nyctiphruretid parareptile. The type species is Abyssomedon williamsi.
Atopodentatus[265]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cheng et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Guanling Formation	China	A marine reptile, probably a relative of sauropterygians. The type species is Atopodentatus unicus.
Delorhynchus cifellii[266]	Sp. nov	Valid	Reisz, Macdougall & Modesto	Early Permian	Garber Formation	United States	A parareptile relative of lanthanosuchoids, a species of Delorhynchus.
Eohupehsuchus[267]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Triassic	Jialingjiang Formation	China	A hupehsuchian. The type species is Eohupehsuchus brevicollis.
Horaffia[268]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Klein & Hagdorn	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Erfurt Formation	Germany	A marine diapsid reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Horaffia kugleri.
Largocephalosaurus qianensis[269]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Triassic	Guanling Formation	China	A member of Saurosphargidae, a species of Largocephalosaurus.
Parahupehsuchus[270]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Triassic	Jialingjiang Formation	China	A hupehsuchian. The type species is Parahupehsuchus longus.

Synapsids

Research

A study on the diel activity patterns of non-mammalian synapsids is published by Angielczyk & Schmitz (2014).[271]
The presence of plicidentine (infolded dentine around the base of the tooth root) is reported in the maxillary and dentary teeth of Ianthodon, Sphenacodon, Secodontosaurus and Dimetrodon by Brink, LeBlanc & Reisz (2014).[272]
A study of the anatomy of nasal cavity of Brasilitherium riograndensis is published by Ruf et al. (2014).[273]
A study of the anatomy of the therocephalian Simorhinella baini and a taxonomic re-evaluation of the family Lycosuchidae is published by Abdala et al. (2014).[274]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Abajudon[275]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Angielczyk et al.	Permian	Madumabisa Mudstone[276] Ruhuhu Formation	Tanzania Zambia[276]	A dicynodont of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Abajudon kaayai.
Alierasaurus[277]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Romano & Nicosia	Permian	Cala del Vino Formation	Italy	A caseid. The type species is Alierasaurus ronchii.
Botucaraitherium[278]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Soares, Martinelli & De Oliveira	Late Triassic (possibly early Norian)	Riograndia Assemblage Zone of the Candelária Sequence (Caturrita Formation)	Brazil	A prozostrodontian cynodont. The type species is Botucaraitherium belarminoi.
Eocasea[279]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Reisz & Fröbisch	Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)	Calhoun Shale	United States	A member of Caseidae . The type species is Eocasea martini.
Sungeodon[280]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Maisch & Matzke	Early Triassic	Jiucaiyuan Formation	China	A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont . The type species is Sungeodon kimkraemerae.

Mammals

Other animals

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Archiasterella charma[281]	Sp. nov	Valid	Moore, Li & Porter	Early Cambrian	Puerto Blanco Formation[282] Shiyantou Formation	China Mexico[282]	A member of Chancelloriida.
Ascarites rufferi[283]	Sp. nov	Valid	Da Silva et al.	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Sítio Cortado site	Brazil	An ascaridid nematode found in a cynodont coprolite, a species of Ascarites.
Ashetscolex[284]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (earliest Floian)	Tonggao Formation	China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Ashetscolex nuppus.
Atraktoprion podolicus[285]	Sp. nov	Valid	Szaniawski & Drygant	Early Devonian (middle Lochkovian to Pragian)		Ukraine	An atraktoprionid polychaete, a species of Atraktoprion.
Attenuella[286]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Malinky	Cambrian (Furongian)	Mendha Formation	United States	A member of Hyolitha. The type species is "Hyolithes" attenuatus Walcott (1890).
Bicoelia corticifera[287]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Kasımlar Formation	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the order Agelasida and the family Preperonidellidae.
Brevaspidella[288]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen	Late Ordovician		Germany Netherlands Sweden	A demosponge belonging to the family Anthaspidellidae. The type species is B. dispersa.
Bubiites[289]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian (Terreneuvian)	Zhujiaqing Formation	China	A sclerite of an animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is B. simplex.
Cambroskiadeion[290]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Moore, Porter & Li	Early Cambrian	Dengying Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement with a cap-shaped shell. The type species is Cambroskiadeion xiaowanense.
Claviconchella[289]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian (Terreneuvian)	Zhujiaqing Formation	China	A sclerite of an animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is C. qianyii.
Conchicolites crispisulcans[291]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn, Jarochowska & Munnecke	Silurian (Wenlock)	Halla Formation	Sweden	A member of Cornulitida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Conchicolites.
Eklexibella[292]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Keupp, Gründel & Wiese	Early Jurassic (late Pliensbachian)		Germany	A terebellid polychaete. Genus contains two species: Eklexibella buttenheimensis and Eklexibella johanni.
Enalikter[293]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Siveter et al.	Silurian	Herefordshire Lagerstätte	United Kingdom	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement; it might be a megacheiran arthropod[293][294] or an annelid.[295] The type species is Enalikter aphson.
Eopriapulites[296]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu & Xiao in Liu et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu Formation	China	A priapulid-like scalidophoran. The type species is Eopriapulites sphinx.
Eximipriapulus[297]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ma et al.	Cambrian	Chengjiang Lagerstätte	China	A member of Priapulida. The type species is Eximipriapulus globocaudatus.
Filihernodia[298]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Taylor & Wilson in Frey et al.	Early Devonian (Pragian)		Morocco	A reptariid hederellid. The type species is Filihernodia buccina.
Haplistion toftanum[299]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A haplistiid spirosclerophorid demosponge, a species of Haplistion.
Haydenoconus[286]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Malinky	Cambrian (Miaolingian and Furongian)		United States	A member of Hyolitha belonging to the family Angusticornidae. The type species is "Hyolithes" gallatinensis Resser (1938); genus also includes "Hyolithes" prolixus Resser (1939).
Hyalonema vetteri[300]	Sp. nov	Valid	Janussen	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)	Arnager Formation	Denmark	A hexactinellid sponge, a species of Hyalonema.
Lindstroemispongia[299]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	An astylospongiid streptosclerophorid demosponge. The type species is Lindstroemispongia cylindrata.
Lyrarapax[301]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cong et al.	Early Cambrian		China	A member of Anomalocarididae (a group of animals with uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly stem-arthropods). The type species is Lyrarapax unguispinus.
Multistella leipnitzae[299]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	An anthaspidellid orchocladine demosponge, a species of Multistella.
Nesonektris[302]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	García-Bellido et al.	Cambrian	Emu Bay Shale	Australia	A member of Vetulicolida. The type species is Nesonektris aldridgei.
Nidelric[303]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hou et al.	Early Cambrian	Heilinpu Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a member of Chancelloriida or a chancelloriid-like animal. The type species is Nidelric pugio.
Norvegiograptus[304]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Ordovician		China Norway	A graptolite belonging to the family Dichograptidae. A new genus for "Didymograptus" liber Monsen (1937); genus also includes "Didymograptus" enshiensis Ni in Mu et al. (1979).
Oikozetetes mounti[305]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jacquet, Brock & Paterson	Early Cambrian	Mernmerna Formation	Australia	A member of Halkieriidae (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Oikozetetes.
Opetionella incompta[299]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A demosponge, possibly a member of the group Hadromerida; a species of Opetionella.
Paleoxyuris[306]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hugot et al.	Triassic	Sítio Cortado site	Brazil	A heteroxynematid oxyurid nematode known from an egg found in a cynodont coprolite. The type species is Paleoxyuris cockburni.
Phragmodictya jinshaensis[307]	Sp. nov	Valid	Xinglian et al.	Cambrian		China	A hexactinellid sponge, a species of Phragmodictya.
Polychaetaspis kozlowskii[285]	Sp. nov	Valid	Szaniawski & Drygant	Early Devonian (early Lochkovian)		Ukraine	A polychaetaspid polychaete, a species of Polychaetaspis.
Postperissocoelia[299]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian		Canada Sweden	A streptosolenid orchocladine demosponge. A new genus for "Perissocoelia" spinosa Rigby & Chatterton (1989); genus also contains new species Postperissocoelia gnisvardensis.
Pseudoperipatus[308]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Haug & Haug	Cambrian	Burgess Shale	Canada	A cycloneuralian worm. The type species is Pseudoperipatus hintelmannae.
Sanduscolex[284]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (earliest Floian)	Tonggao Formation	China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Sanduscolex regularis.
Urphaenomenospongia[299]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A glass sponge, possibly a member of Lyssacinosida. The type species is Urphaenomenospongia euplectelloides.
Waflascolex[309]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ordovician (Tremadocian)		China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Waflascolex changdensis.
Wiwaxia foliosa[310]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian	Hongjingshao Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Wiwaxia.
Yuganotheca[311]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zhang, Li & Holmer in Zhang et al.	Cambrian	Heilinpu Formation	China	A member of Lophophorata of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Yuganotheca elegans.

Other organisms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Cyathus dominicanus[312]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Eocene or Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A fungus, a species of Cyathus.
Elainabella[313]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rowland & Rodriguez	Ediacaran	Deep Spring Formation	United States	A multicellular alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species E. deepspringensis.
Eopalaeoaplysina[314]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Anderson & Beauchamp	Carboniferous (Moscovian to Kasimovian)	Belcourt Formation Ely Limestone Nansen Formation	Canada United States	A red alga, a relative of Palaeoaplysina. Genus includes new species E. daviesi.
Helmutella[315]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Krings & Taylor	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus described on the basis of a reproductive unit. Genus includes new species H. devonica.
Nidula baltica[312]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Eocene	Baltic amber	Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast)	A fungus, a species of Nidula.
Nilpenia[316]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Droser et al.	Precambrian	Ediacara Fossil Site at Nilpena, Flinders Ranges	Australia	"An organism of unknown affinities with a growth pattern convergent on that of extant fungi, lichens and encrusting algae".[316] The type species is Nilpenia rossi.
Palaeogaster[317]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar, Alfredo & Baseia	Early Cretaceous (late Albian)		Myanmar	A fungus belonging to the group Sclerodermatineae. The type species is Palaeogaster micromorpha.
Plexus[318]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Joel, Droser & Gehling	Precambrian		Australia	A tubular, serially divided organism with a bilateral morphology of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Plexus ricei.
Wutubus[319]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Precambrian	Dengying Formation	China	An annulated tubular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Wutubus annularis.
Xylaria antiqua[320]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Eocene or Miocene		Dominican Republic	A fungus belonging to the family Xylariaceae found in Dominican amber, a species of Xylaria.

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