2017 Catalan regional election

The 2017 Catalan regional election was held on Thursday, 21 December 2017 to elect the 12th Parliament of the autonomous community of Catalonia. All 135 seats in the Parliament were up for election. The election was called by Spanish prime minister Mariano Rajoy after the invocation of Article 155 of the 1978 Spanish Constitution to enforce direct rule in Catalonia and the subsequent dismissal of the Catalan government under President Carles Puigdemont.[1] The three pro-Catalan independence parties won a slim majority of parliamentary seats, claiming 70 out of 135, but fell short of a majority in the popular vote by securing 47.6% of the share.

2017 Catalan regional election
21 December 2017
All 135 seats in the Parliament of Catalonia
68 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered5,554,455 0.8%
Turnout4,392,891 (79.1%)
4.1 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Inés Arrimadas Carles Puigdemont[lower-alpha 1] Oriol Junqueras[lower-alpha 1]
Party Cs JuntsxCat ERC–CatSí
Leader since 3 July 2015 13 November 2017 17 September 2011
Leader's seat Barcelona Barcelona Barcelona
Last election 25 seats, 17.9% 31 seats (JxSí)[lower-alpha 2] 26 seats (JxSí)[lower-alpha 2]
Seats won 36 34 32
Seat change 11 3 6
Popular vote 1,109,732 948,233 935,861
Percentage 25.4% 21.7% 21.4%
Swing 7.5 pp n/a n/a
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Miquel Iceta Xavier Domènech Carles Riera
Party PSC–PSOE CatComú–Podem CUP
Leader since 19 July 2014 8 April 2017 15 November 2017
Leader's seat Barcelona Barcelona Barcelona
Last election 16 seats, 12.7% 11 seats, 8.9%[lower-alpha 3] 10 seats, 8.2%
Seats won 17 8 4
Seat change 1 3 6
Popular vote 606,659 326,360 195,246
Percentage 13.9% 7.5% 4.5%
Swing 1.2 pp 1.4 pp 3.7 pp
  Seventh party
 
Leader Xavier García Albiol
Party PP
Leader since 28 July 2015
Leader's seat Barcelona
Last election 11 seats, 8.5%
Seats won 4
Seat change 7
Popular vote 185,670
Percentage 4.2%
Swing 4.3 pp
Constituency results map for the Parliament of Catalonia
President before election

Office suspended
(previously Carles Puigdemont (PDeCAT))

 Elected President

Quim Torra
Independent (JuntsxCat)

Pro-Catalan independence parties maintained their parliamentary majority at the 2015 election, although then-President Artur Mas and his Junts pel Sí (JxSí) coalition—made up primarily by Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)—required from the support from Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) to govern. The CUP's decision to vote against Mas's led to his withdrawal and to the election of Carles Puigdemont, until then mayor of Girona, as leader of a CDC–ERC coalition government.[2] Shortly thereafter, CDC was re-founded as Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT).[3]

On 27 October 2017, following the controversial referendum on 1 October, the pro-independence majority in the Catalan parliament voted in favour of a unilateral declaration of independence, just hours before the Spanish Senate voted to invoke Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution.[4][5] This allowed Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy to sack the Catalan government and dissolve the Catalan parliament, calling a regional election for 21 December.[6][1] With 36 seats, the main anti-independence party, Citizens (Cs), emerged as the largest in the Parliament.[7] The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) performed well below expectations and increased its seat count by one,[8] whereas Catalunya en Comú–Podem, a left-wing party in favor of self-governance for the region but not siding itself with either bloc, received 7.5% of the vote and 8 seats. Owing to the combined performance of Puigdemont's Together for Catalonia (JuntsxCat) and ERC, parties in support of independence maintained their majority in the election,[9] meaning that it was mathematically possible for a pro-independence coalition government to return to power,[10] despite their overall majority having been reduced by two seats.[11]

The biggest election loser was Rajoy's People's Party (PP), whose electoral collapse—reduced to 4.2% of the share and 4 out of 135 seats—meant it would be unable to form a parliamentary group of its own in the Catalan parliament for the first time in history.[12] The scale of PP's downfall, coupled with the success of Cs, threatened to have a political impact beyond Catalonia, with PP leaders fearing it could spell the end of the party's hegemony over the centre-right vote in Spain.[13][14]

Overview

Electoral system

The Parliament of Catalonia was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Catalonia, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Catalan Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a regional president.[15]

As a result of no regional electoral law having been approved since the re-establishment of Catalan autonomy, the electoral procedure came regulated under Transitory Provision Fourth of the 1979 Statute, supplemented by the provisions within the Organic Law of General Electoral Regime.[lower-alpha 4] Voting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in Catalonia and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Additionally, Catalans abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[16] The 135 members of the Parliament of Catalonia were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona, with each being allocated a fixed number of seats: 85 for Barcelona, 17 for Girona, 15 for Lleida and 18 for Tarragona.[15][17]

The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[18]

Election date

The term of the Parliament of Catalonia expired four years after the date of its previous election, unless it was dissolved earlier. The regional president was required to call an election fifteen days prior to the date of expiry of parliament, with election day taking place within from forty to sixty days after the call. The previous election was held on 27 September 2015, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 27 September 2019. The election was required to be called no later than 12 September 2019, with it taking place up to the sixtieth day from the call, setting the latest possible election date for the Parliament on Monday, 11 November 2019.[15]

The president had the prerogative to dissolve the Parliament of Catalonia and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since a previous one under this procedure. In the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot, the Parliament was to be automatically dissolved and a fresh election called.[15]

Background

Government formation
Main article: 2015–16 Catalan government formation

The 2015 election resulted in pro-Catalan independence Junts pel Sí (JxSí) (a coalition comprising the two main centre-right and centre-left Catalan parties at the time, Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), together with several minor parties) and Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) holding a slim majority of seats, despite not securing a majority of votes as was their objective. President Artur Mas' JxSí coalition also fell short of its goal to secure an absolute majority on its own, obtaining 62 seats against the combined 63 of the remaining opposition parties.[19] Thus, Mas found himself depending on CUP's support for securing his nomination to be re-elected to the office. The CUP, however, had difficulty in supporting Mas, whom they viewed as personally tainted by several corruption scandals involving his CDC party. In the end, a last-minute deal was struck between JxSí and the CUP to ensure a pro-independence government under CDC's Carles Puigdemont, narrowly avoiding a new election being called and leading Mas to retire from frontline politics.[2]

2017 events
Further information: 2017 Catalan independence referendum and 2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis

On 26 October 2017, several weeks after a major crisis had unveiled in Catalonia over the attempted celebration of an unconstitutional independence referendum, it was expected that President Puigdemont would call a snap regional election to prevent the Spanish government from enforcing direct rule in the region, a procedure involving the triggering of Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution which was already underway in the Spanish Senate, pending approval on the following day.[20] This move sparked outcry within pro-independence ranks, including members within Puigdemont's coalition, who had aimed for a unilateral declaration of independence in response to the triggering of Article 155.[21][22] Finally, Puigdemont ruled out calling an election, allegedly because of the Spanish government's refusal to call off the invocation of the Article 155 procedure even were an election to be called by Catalan authorities.[23][24] After Puigdemont's refusal to call an election, a debate over a possible declaration of independence went ahead as planned in the Parliament of Catalonia,[4] simultaneous to the Senate debating the enforcement of direct rule.[6] At the end of the debate, the Catalan parliament voted a unilateral declaration of independence which was backed 70–10, two MPs casting a blank ballot and all MPs from Citizens (Cs), the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) and the People's Party (PP) boycotting the vote.[5] Once Article 155 was approved, Mariano Rajoy dismissed the entire Catalan government from office and declared the Parliament's dissolution, calling a regional election for 21 December 2017.[1]

Puigdemont and part of his removed cabinet fled to Belgium on 30 October in a move to avoid action from the Spanish judiciary,[25][26] as the Spanish Attorney General José Manuel Maza announced a criminal complaint against them for rebellion, sedition and embezzlement.[27][28] On 2 November, the Spanish National Court ordered that eight members of the deposed Catalan government—including former Vice President and ERC leader Oriol Junqueras—be remanded in custody without bail after being summoned to appear to respond to the criminal charges pressed against them, with a ninth—Santi Vila—being granted a €50,000 bail. European Arrest Warrants were issued for Puigdemont and his four other cabinet members in Belgium refusing to attend the hearing.[29][30]

Parliamentary status

The Parliament of Catalonia was officially dissolved on 28 October 2017, after the publication of the dissolution decree in the Official State Gazette.[31] The table below shows the status of the different parliamentary groups in the chamber at the time of dissolution.[32][33][34]

Parliamentary composition in October 2017[35]
Groups Parties Legislators
Seats Total
Together for Yes's Parliamentary Group PDeCAT 30 61
ERC 23
DC 3
MES 1
INDEP 4
Citizens's Parliamentary Group Cs 25 25
Socialist Parliamentary Group PSC 16 16
Catalonia Yes We Can's Parliamentary Group ICV 5 11
Podem 4
EUiA 1
INDEP 1[lower-alpha 5]
People's Party of Catalonia's Parliamentary Group PP 11 11
Popular Unity Candidacy–Constituent Call's
Parliamentary Group		 CUP 10 10
Non-Inscrits INDEP 1[lower-alpha 6] 1

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[38]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances		 Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Seats
JuntsxCat Carles Puigdemont[lower-alpha 1] Catalan independence
Liberalism		 39.59%[lower-alpha 9] 62 N [45]
[46]
[47]
ERC–CatSí Oriol Junqueras[lower-alpha 1] Catalan independence
Social democracy		 N [48]
Cs Inés Arrimadas Liberalism 17.90% 25 N [49]
PSC–PSOE Miquel Iceta Social democracy 12.72% 16 N [50]
[51]
CatComú–
Podem		 Xavier Domènech Left-wing populism
Direct democracy
Eco-socialism		 8.94% 11 N [52]
[53]
[54]
PP Xavier García Albiol Conservatism
Christian democracy		 8.49% 11 Y[lower-alpha 10] [55]
CUP Carles Riera Catalan independence
Anti-capitalism
Socialism		 8.21% 10 N [56]
[57]
[58]

After independence was declared by the Parliament of Catalonia on 27 October and Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy announced the Parliament's dissolution and a regional election for 21 December, pro-independence parties debated whether they should contest the election–thus abiding by Spanish law, and acknowledging independence did not take place–or boycott it and thus risk remaining absent from the Parliament in the next legislature.[59][60][61]

On 5 November 2017, the Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) proposed as their election candidate Carles Puigdemont, who in the previous days had already showed interest in leading the PDeCAT into the 21 December election from Belgium.[45][46] PDeCAT members sought to contest the election into a unitary list formed by pro-independence parties for the right of self-determination and against the use of Article 155, calling for "amnesty of political prisoners".[62] On 13 November, the PDeCAT announced that it would run under the Together for Catalonia umbrella, centered around Puigdemont and including non-party members such as Jordi Sànchez.[47][63]

Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) rejected the idea of renewing the Junts pel Sí alliance, and made its participation in any prospective electoral coalition conditional on it including the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) and members from Catalunya Sí que es Pot–in reference to the Podemos branch in Catalonia (Podem), led by Albano Dante Fachin, who had increasingly distanced himself from the party's national leadership.[64][65] The CUP dubbed the election "illegitimate" and rejected contesting the election under their own brand, but did not rule out running under a different label or supporting a unitary pro-independence alliance.[66][67] However, after the CUP ruled out a coalition with other parties on 7 November, ERC rejected a joint candidacy of pro-independence parties and announced it would contest the election on its own.[68][69]

Catalunya en Comú, Ada Colau's party successor to the En Comú Podem electoral alliance which contested the 2015 and 2016 general elections in Catalonia, chose Xavier Domènech as its electoral candidate.[52] Domènech proposed an alliance with Podem, which under Fachin had rejected merging into Colau's party earlier in 2017.[70] Podem's grassroots members voted in favour of an alliance with Catalunya en Comú, after Fachin had resigned as regional party leader over disputes with the national leadership.[53] Both parties announced they would contest the election under the Catalunya en Comú–Podem label.[54]

On 7 November, the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) announced an agreement with Units per Avançar (English: United to Advance), the wing of the defunct party Democratic Union of Catalonia that rejected separatism in 2015, thereby aiming to integrate some of its members in its list and hopefully to add the almost 102,000 votes collected by that party at the previous election, which were not enough to gain representation by themselves. The agreement was refused the status of a proper coalition; hence, PSC ran under its own name only.[51]

Stance on
independence		 Parties and alliances Referendum Unilateralism Support of direct rule Ref.
Y Yes Together for Catalonia Y ? N [71]
Republican Left–Catalonia Yes Y ? N [72]
Popular Unity Candidacy Y Y N [73]
N No Citizens–Party of the Citizenry N Y [74]
Socialists' Party of Catalonia N Y [75]
People's Party N Y [76]
? Neutral Catalonia in Common–We Can Y N [77][78]

Campaign

Party slogans
Party or alliance Slogan (Catalan) Slogan (Spanish) English translation Ref.
JuntsxCat « Puigdemont, el nostre president » « Puigdemont, nuestro presidente » "Puigdemont, our president" [79][80]
ERC–CatSí « La democràcia sempre guanya » « La democracia siempre gana » "Democracy always wins" [81][82]
Cs « Ara sí votarem » « Ahora sí votaremos » "Now we will vote" [83][84]
PSC–PSOE « Solucions. Ara, Iceta! » « Soluciones. ¡Ahora, Iceta! » "Solutions. Now, Iceta!" [85]
CatComú–Podem « Tenim molt en comú » « Tenemos mucho en común » "We have a lot in common" [86]
PP « Espanya és la solució » « España es la solución » "Spain is the solution" [87][88]
CUP « Dempeus! » « ¡En pie! » "Stand up!" [89][90]

Budget
Parties and alliances Budget[91]
Cs €2,990,833.25
PSC–PSOE €1,826,932.87
PP €1,645,200.34
ERC–CatSí €1,602,303.42
JuntsxCat €1,263,259.40
CatComú–Podem €888,339.57
CUP €469,157.38

Election debates
2017 Catalan regional election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[lower-alpha 11]    S  Surrogate[lower-alpha 12]    NI  Not invited   A  Absent invitee 
JxCat ERC Cs PSC CeC–P PP CUP Share Ref.
29 November RTVE
(El Debate de La 1)		 Julio Somoano S
Dalmases		 S
Torrent		 S
Roldán		 S
Granados		 S
Ribas		 S
Levy		 S
Sànchez		 5.5%
(54,000)		 [92]
[93]
3 December laSexta
(Salvados)		 Jordi Évole NI P
Rovira		 P
Arrimadas		 NI NI NI NI 16.0%
(485,000)		 [94]
[95]
7 December RTVE
(El Debat de La 1)		 Quim Barnola S
Turull		 S
Torrent		 P
Arrimadas		 P
Iceta		 P
Domènech		 P
Albiol		 P
Riera		 8.7%
(193,000)		 [93]
[96]
11 December TV3
(Més 324)		 Xavier Graset S
Madaula		 S
Mundó		 S
Sierra		 S
Granados		 S
Alamany		 S
García		 S
Sirvent		 — [97]
12 December TV3
(Més 324)		 Xavier Graset S
Campdepadrós		 S
Peris		 S
Roldán		 S
Ibarra		 S
López		 S
Fernández		 S
Milian		 — [98]
13 December TV3
(Més 324)		 Xavier Graset S
Forné		 S
Solé		 S
Soler		 S
Ordeig		 S
Vilà		 S
Xandri		 S
Boya		 — [99]
14 December Cadena SER
(Hoy por Hoy)		 Pepa Bueno S
Turull		 S
Maragall		 P
Arrimadas		 P
Iceta		 P
Domènech		 P
Albiol		 P
Riera		 — [100]
14 December TV3
(Més 324)		 Xavier Graset S
Geis		 S
Torrent		 S
Castel		 S
Bruguera		 S
Planagumà		 S
Olmedo		 S
Sànchez		 — [99]
17 December laSexta
(17D. El Debat)		 Ana Pastor S
Rull		 S
Mundó		 P
Arrimadas		 P
Iceta		 P
Domènech		 P
Albiol		 S
Aragonés		 20.4%
(577,000)		 [93]
[101]
18 December TV3
(E17: El Debat)		 Vicent Sanchis S
Turull		 S
Rovira		 P
Arrimadas		 P
Iceta		 P
Domènech		 P
Albiol		 P
Riera		 22.5%
(580,000)		 [93]
[102]

Opinion polls

The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 68 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Catalonia.

Color key:

  Poll conducted after legal ban on opinion polls

Results

Overall
← Summary of the 21 December 2017 Parliament of Catalonia election results →
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 1,109,73225.35+7.44 36+11
Together for Catalonia (JuntsxCat)1 948,23321.66n/a 34+3
Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí)1 935,86121.38n/a 32+6
Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) 606,65913.86+1.14 17+1
Catalonia in Common–We Can (CatComú–Podem)2 326,3607.46–1.48 8–3
Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) 195,2464.46–3.75 4–6
People's Party (PP) 185,6704.24–4.25 4–7
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 38,7430.89+0.16 0±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 10,2870.24–0.11 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 5770.01New 0±0
Republican Dialogue (Diàleg) 00.00New 0±0
Together for Yes (Independents) (JxSí)1 n/an/an/a 0–5
Blank ballots 19,4310.44–0.09
Total 4,376,799 135±0
Valid votes 4,376,79999.63+0.02
Invalid votes 16,0920.37–0.02
Votes cast / turnout 4,392,89179.09+4.14
Abstentions 1,161,56420.91–4.14
Registered voters 5,554,455
Sources[32][103][104]
Popular vote
Cs
 
 25.35%
JuntsxCat
 
 21.66%
ERC–CatSí
 
 21.38%
PSC–PSOE
 
 13.86%
CeC–P
 
 7.46%
CUP
 
 4.46%
PP
 
 4.24%
Others
 
 1.13%
Blank ballots
 
 0.44%
Seats
Cs
 
 26.67%
JuntsxCat
 
 25.19%
ERC–CatSí
 
 23.70%
PSC–PSOE
 
 12.59%
CeC–P
 
 5.93%
CUP
 
 2.96%
PP
 
 2.96%

Distribution by constituency
Constituency Cs JxCat ERC PSC CeC–P CUP PP
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S
Barcelona 26.4 24 19.0 17 20.6 18 15.1 13 8.4 7 4.4 3 4.3 3
Girona 19.5 4 36.7 7 21.7 4 8.6 1 4.0 − 5.3 1 2.9 −
Lleida 17.0 3 32.5 6 26.7 5 9.0 1 3.9 − 5.0 − 4.5 −
Tarragona 27.4 5 21.7 4 23.7 5 11.8 2 5.4 1 4.0 − 4.6 1
Total 25.4 36 21.7 34 21.4 32 13.9 17 7.5 8 4.5 4 4.2 4
Sources[104]

Elected members
Main article: 12th Parliament of Catalonia

Aftermath

Initial reactions

The results were announced after polls in the region closed, with Citizens (Cs) becoming the largest party in the regional parliament, but pro-independence parties maintained a majority of seats.[105] Cs gained twelve seats in the election under the leadership of Inés Arrimadas, bringing its total to 36.[106] This meant that the largest party in the region was overtly and directly opposed to independence.[105] However, even this increase in the vote share left it 31 seats short of a majority in the parliament.[7]

Together for Catalonia (JuntsxCat), the party of former president Carles Puigdemont, also saw an increase in its seat total, emerging as the second-largest party in the region with 34 seats. This represented an increase of three seats for the party, which stood on a staunchly pro-independence platform, as dictated by its exiled leader. While the party lost its position as the largest in parliament, the improved performance of the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), a left-wing party also campaigning for independence from Spain, helped ensure that JuntsxCat would maintain its dominant role in regional politics.[107] ERC, under the stewardship of Oriol Junqueras, who served as vice president under Puigdemont, secured 32 seats, leaving the pro-independence parties a mere two seats short of re-establishing a coalition and holding their majority. These seats were provided by the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP), which, in spite of a severely diminished performance from the previous election, still held four seats, courtesy of a strong performance in Barcelona.[7] This ensured that pro-independence parties were able to maintain their majority in the parliament.[108] Five independent politicians, who were participants in the Junts pel Sí bloc but not party members, lost their seats. Consequently, despite both JuntsxCat and ERC increasing their number of seats, the majority in the parliament for independence was diminished by two seats, but nonetheless maintained.[11] The result was hailed by Puigdemont as a "slap in the face" for Madrid and for Mariano Rajoy.[109]

Government formation
Main article: Torra Government

As a result of pro-independence parties securing a parliamentary majority, Arrimadas announced she would not try to form a government on her own, instead waiting and see how negotiations between pro-independence parties evolved.[110] As the candidate of the most-voted party within the pro-independence bloc, Puigdemont intended to be re-elected as president, but this was hampered by the fact he risked being arrested by Spanish authorities upon returning from his self-imposed exile in Brussels, as Spain's authorities considered him a fugitive. Further, pro-independence parties could only command 62 seats—six short of a majority—as in practice eight of their elected deputies were either in Brussels with Puigdemont or in preventive detention.[111]

One of these was ERC's leader Oriol Junqueras, who aimed at becoming president himself on the grounds that he could be granted prison permits that allowed him to attend parliamentary plenary sessions, whereas Puigdemont would have it near-impossible to be invested from Brussels—Parliament's regulations required for any candidate to the office to be physically present in the investiture—or to rule Catalonia from abroad.[112][113] Members of JuntsxCat insisted that they would only vote for Puigdemont as president, even if that meant forcing a new election, and claimed that they intended to pressure Mariano Rajoy into allowing Puigdemont's return.[114]

After the Catalan parliament elected Roger Torrent as new speaker, Puigdemont was proposed as candidate for re-election as Catalan premier.[115] However, facing arrest on possible charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds, the Catalan parliament delayed Puigdemont's investiture after Constitutional Court ruled that he could not assume the presidency from abroad.[116][117][118] With other pro-independence leaders assuring the pro-independence movement should outlive Puigdemont in order to end the political deadlock,[119] the former Catalan president announced on 1 March he would step his claim aside in order to allow detained activist Jordi Sànchez, from his Together for Catalonia alliance, to become president instead.[120] However, as Spain's Supreme Court did not allow Sànchez to be freed from jail to attend his investiture ceremony,[121][122] Sànchez ended up giving up his candidacy on 21 March in favour of former Catalan government spokesman Jordi Turull, who was also under investigation for his role in the referendum.[123][124]

Investiture
Jordi Turull (PDeCAT)
Ballot → 22 March 2018 24 March 2018
Required majority → 68 out of 135 N Simple
64 / 135
 Cancelled
(as a result of candidate
Jordi Turull being put
in preventive detention)
65 / 135
4 / 135
2 / 135
Sources[32][125]

Turull was defeated in the first ballot of a hastily convened investiture session held on 22 March, with only his Together for Catalonia alliance and ERC voting for him and the Popular Unity Candidacy abstaining, resulting in a 64–65 defeat. The next day and less than 24 hours before he was due to attend the second ballot, the Supreme Court announced that thirteen senior Catalan leaders—including Turull—would be charged with rebellion over their roles in the 2017 unilateral referendum and subsequent declaration of independence. In anticipation of this ruling and in order to avoid appearing in court, Marta Rovira—ERC's general secretary and deputy leader to jailed Oriol Junqueras—fled the country to Switzerland in "self-exile". This prompted the Court to rule that Turull and several others would be remanded in custody without bail.[126][127] As a result, the Parliament speaker Roger Torrent cancelled Turull's second investiture ballot.[125] Turull's first ballot nonetheless started the clock towards automatic parliamentary dissolution, meaning a new regional election would be called for 15 July if no candidate was elected as Catalan president before 22 May.[128]

On 12 May, Quim Torra didn't earn the absolute majority support to be invested president, with 66 votes against 65 in the first round (the absolute majority was 68 votes, from 135 total votes).[129] On 14 May, Torra was elected as new Catalan premier in the second round of vote, with the same results, when only a simple majority was necessary.[130]

Investiture
Quim Torra (Independent)
Ballot → 12 May 2018 14 May 2018
Required majority → 68 out of 135 N Simple Y
66 / 135
66 / 135
65 / 135
65 / 135
4 / 135
4 / 135
Absentees
0 / 135
0 / 135
Sources[32]

Notes
  1. As a result of the exceptional circumstances amid which the election was held, at the time of the election's call Carles Puigdemont had self-exiled himself to Belgium in order to avoid action from the Spanish judiciary, whereas Oriol Junqueras had been put in preventive detention in Estremera (Community of Madrid).
  2. Within the Together for Yes alliance in the 2015 election. Totals for Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes include Democrats of Catalonia and Left Movement. Totals for both Together for Catalonia and ERC–CatSí include aligned independents who in 2015 ran within the JxSí alliance.
  3. Results for Catalunya Sí que es Pot in the 2015 election.
  4. Transitory Provision Second of the 2006 Statute maintained the validity of the electoral regulations within the 1979 Statute, of application for as long as a specific law regulating the procedures for elections to the Parliament of Catalonia was not approved.
  5. Lluís Rabell.[36]
  6. Germà Gordó, former PDeCAT legislator.[37]
  7. CDC was registered as an independent member within the alliance in order to allow its successor party, the PDeCAT, to be guaranteed CDC's public funding and electoral rights for the campaign.[39][40]
  8. Including members from The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV) and Independence Rally (RI.cat),[41][42] as well as future founders of the National Call for the Republic (CNxR) and Action for the Republic (AxR).[43][44]
  9. Results for Together for Yes in the 2015 election.
  10. Direct rule of the Government of Spain.
  11. Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  12. Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  13. Within JuntsxCat.
  14. Within JxSí.

References
Opinion poll sources
  1. "Encuesta final para La Vanguardia, a las 20:00h del 21D". GAD3 (in Spanish). 21 December 2017.
  2. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo GAD3. Autonómicas. Diciembre 2017 (4)". Electograph (in Spanish). 21 December 2017.
  3. "Las encuestas otorgan la victoria a Ciudadanos y posibilidad de gobierno a los independentistas". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 21 December 2017.
  4. "Catalonia's pro-indy parties within touching distance of absolute majority according to our final world exclusive poll". The National. 20 December 2017.
  5. "ERC ganaría las elecciones en escaños y Ciutadans, en votos". El Periòdic d'Andorra (in Spanish). 20 December 2017.
  6. "Catalan unionist parties stall as voters look to elect pro-indy majority in new world exclusive poll". The National. 20 December 2017.
  7. "ERC abre brecha con Ciutadans y la mayoría independentista se afianza". El Periòdic d'Andorra (in Spanish). 19 December 2017.
  8. "Pro-indy Catalan parties hold out despite strong unionist momentum in latest world exclusive poll". The National. 19 December 2017.
  9. "Ciutadans ganaría las elecciones en votos y ERC, en escaños". El Periòdic d'Andorra (in Spanish). 18 December 2017.
  10. "Pro-indy Catalan parties both closing in on unionists and are set to win combined majority in latest world exclusive poll from Catalonia". The National. 18 December 2017.
  11. "ERC se resiente y Ciutadans y Puigdemont le recortan distancia". El Periòdic d'Andorra (in Spanish). 17 December 2017.
  12. "Elections en Catalogne: résultats très serrés en prévision". L'Independant (in French). 19 December 2017.
  13. "New Catalan election poll sees three parties vying for top spot". The National. 17 December 2017.
  14. "ERC mantiene su ventaja sobre C's y Puigdemont retrocede". El Periòdic d'Andorra (in Spanish). 16 December 2017.
  15. "Última encuesta antes del 21-D: Ciudadanos aumenta su ventaja en primera posición". ABC (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  16. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo GAD3. Autonómicas. Diciembre 2017 (3)". Electograph (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  17. "Stunning Catalan poll predicts majority for pro-independence parties". The National. 16 December 2017.
  18. "Arrimadas se impone en votos y escaños por primera vez a una semana del 21-D". ABC (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  19. "ERC se despega y Puigdemont pierde fuelle". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 14 December 2017.
  20. "La participación en las elecciones catalanas se estanca en el umbral del 80%". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 14 December 2017.
  21. "Ciudadanos ganaría las elecciones del 21D en Cataluña y superaría en votos y escaños a ERC". laSexta (in Spanish). 15 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  22. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo Invymark. Autonómicas. Diciembre 2017". Electograph (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  23. "Encuesta digital: Ciudadanos ganará las elecciones catalanas". Top Position (in Spanish). 14 December 2017.
  24. "Una encuesta interna de ERC certifica el mano a mano con Cs por la victoria el 21-D". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  25. "Triple empat entre Cs, ERC i JuntsXCat a sis dies de les eleccions". El Nacional (in Catalan). 15 December 2017.
  26. "JuntsXCat guanya a Lleida i l'independentisme millora posicions al territori". El Nacional (in Catalan). 15 December 2017.
  27. "Ciudadanos crece hacia la victoria pero el separatismo roza la mayoría absoluta por el hundimiento del PP". El Español (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  28. "ERC y Ciudadanos se disputan la victoria electoral en Cataluña". 20minutos (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  29. "'Boom' de Cs, pero los independentistas rozan la mayoría y Colau sería decisiva". La Información (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  30. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo A+M. Autonómicas. Diciembre 2017". Electograph (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  31. "Ciudadanos acaricia la victoria el 21-D y amenaza la mayoría separatista en Cataluña". El Mundo (in Spanish). 14 December 2017.
  32. "ERC y Cs se disputan la victoria el 21-D". Cadena SER (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  33. "El ObSERvatorio de la Cadena SER. Preelectoral Cataluña (15/ 12/ 2017)" (PDF). MyWord (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  34. "ERC ganaría en Lleida con 5 escaños y también en Catalunya, aunque empatando con Cs". Segre (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  35. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo Infortécnica. Autonómicas. Diciembre 2017 (2)". Electograph (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  36. "El bloque constitucionalista ganaría en votos, pero no en escaños". La Razón (in Spanish). 15 December 2017.
  37. "Radiografía del voto. Encuesta diciembre 2017". La Razón (in Spanish). 15 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  38. "El bloque de la Constitución roza el triunfo en Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 14 December 2017.
  39. "Intención de voto y proyección de escaños en el Parlament". El País (in Spanish). 14 December 2017.
  40. "La victòria de Cs el 21-D amenaça la majoria absoluta independentista". El Nacional (in Catalan). 12 December 2017.
  41. "L'ímpetu de Cs ensorra el PP a Barcelona i guanya el pols a ERC a Tarragona". El Nacional (in Catalan). 13 December 2017.
  42. "La llista de Puigdemont passa al davant d'ERC, segons una enquesta de JxCat". RAC1 (in Catalan). 11 December 2017.
  43. "Ciutadans seria el partit més votat, segons una enquesta de JxCat". RAC1 (in Catalan). 11 December 2017.
  44. "Arrimadas lidera en intención de voto a costa del PP pero con mayoría separatista". El Español (in Spanish). 13 December 2017.
  45. "El voto útil catapulta a Arrimadas pero los separatistas siguen rozando la mayoría absoluta". El Español (in Spanish). 11 December 2017.
  46. "ERC aguanta l'embranzida d'un Puigdemont que disputa a Cs la segona plaça". El Nacional (in Catalan). 10 December 2017.
  47. "ERC guanya en 3 de les 4 demarcacions el doble duel amb Cs i JuntsXCAT". El Nacional (in Catalan). 10 December 2017.
  48. "Cs compite por el liderazgo con ERC mientras Puigdemont acorta distancias". El Español (in Spanish). 9 December 2017.
  49. "La mayoría soberanista se aleja, y Cs, ERC y JxCat se disputan la victoria". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 9 December 2017.
  50. "La majoria independentista entra en zona de perill per al 21-D". El Nacional (in Catalan). 7 December 2017.
  51. "Esquerra guanyaria les eleccions a Lleida, amb empat tècnic entre JxCat i Ciutadans". Segre (in Catalan). 12 December 2017.
  52. "Eleccions a la Generalitat del 1 al 7 de desembre de 2017. Estudi d'intenció de vot" (PDF). Infortécnica (in Catalan). 12 December 2017.
  53. "ERC ganaría las elecciones sin posibilidad de formar un gobierno independentista". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 11 December 2017.
  54. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo Celeste-Tel. Autonómicas. Diciembre 2017". Electograph (in Spanish). 11 December 2017.
  55. "L'independentisme manté la majoria absoluta amb ERC al capdavant". El Nacional (in Catalan). 5 December 2017.
  56. "Puigdemont atrapa a Junqueras". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 6 December 2017.
  57. "El sondeo del PP deja a un escaño de la mayoría absoluta a ERC, PSC y 'comunes'". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 7 December 2017.
  58. "ERC ganaría las elecciones del 21D, pero el bloque independentista perdería la mayoría absoluta". laSexta (in Spanish). 5 December 2017.
  59. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo Invymark. Autonómicas. Noviembre 2017". Electograph (in Spanish). 5 December 2017.
  60. "La lista de Puigdemont pasa de 13 a 26 escaños con apurada mayoría separatista". El Español (in Spanish). 2 December 2017.
  61. "Preelectoral de Cataluña. Elecciones autonómicas 2017. (Estudio nº 3198. Noviembre 2017)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 4 December 2017.
  62. "Puigdemont pincha y deja que un tripartito se sitúe a un solo escaño de la mayoría absoluta". Público (in Spanish). 30 November 2017.
  63. "PP, PSOE y C's obtendrían el 44'9% de los votos el 21-D frente al 43'4% de ERC, JxC y la CUP". La Razón (in Spanish). 26 November 2017.
  64. "Radiografía del voto. II Encuesta noviembre 2017" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 26 November 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  65. "Encuesta Cataluña: bajan los nacionalistas y suben poco los constitucionalistas, que no logran mayoría con Podemos". El Confidencial Digital (in Spanish). 26 November 2017.
  66. "El bloque constitucionalista alcanza en votos al independentismo". El País (in Spanish). 25 November 2017.
  67. "Sondeo sobre la situación política en Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 25 November 2017.
  68. "Puigdemont recorta distancias con Junqueras a un mes del 21-D". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 19 November 2017.
  69. "El 21-D tendrá una movilización histórica superior al 80 por ciento". ABC (in Spanish). 19 November 2017.
  70. "Los independentistas superarían la mayoría absoluta el 21-D, aunque por un solo escaño". Público (in Spanish). 5 November 2017.
  71. "Encuesta 21-D: Los constitucionalistas suben tras el 155 y la prisión de Junqueras". La Razón (in Spanish). 5 November 2017.
  72. "Las coaliciones favorecerían sólo a los independentistas". La Razón (in Spanish). 5 November 2017.
  73. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo NC Report. Autonómicas. Noviembre 2017". Electograph (in Spanish). 4 November 2017.
  74. "ERC gana pero sin asegurar la mayoría soberanista y con participación récord". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 5 November 2017.
  75. "Ajustada mayoría del independentismo en el primer sondeo tras huir Puigdemont". El Español (in Catalan). 1 November 2017.
  76. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 3a onada 2017" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 31 October 2017.
  77. "Los independentistas, lejos de la mayoría absoluta en las elecciones del 21-D". El Mundo (in Spanish). 28 October 2017.
  78. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo SigmaDos. Autonómicas. Octubre 2017". Electograph (in Spanish). 28 October 2017.
  79. "Los soberanistas pierden la mayoría absoluta". La Razón (in Spanish). 23 October 2017.
  80. "Radiografía del voto. Encuesta octubre 2017" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 23 October 2017.
  81. "El independentismo mantendría su mayoría sin llegar al 50%". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 22 October 2017.
  82. "El independentismo tendría la mayoría sin llegar al 50%". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 23 October 2017.
  83. "Los separatistas perderían 5 escaños y la mayoría absoluta en el Parlament". El Español (in Spanish). 10 October 2017.
  84. "El soberanismo pierde la mayoría". La Razón (in Spanish). 24 September 2017.
  85. "Radiografía del voto. Encuesta septiembre 2017 (1)". La Razón (in Spanish). 24 September 2017.
  86. "Radiografía del voto. Encuesta septiembre (2)". La Razón (in Spanish). 24 September 2017.
  87. "El bloque independentista se arriesga a perder la mayoría en el Parlament". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 19 September 2017.
  88. "CATALUÑA. Sondeo Celeste-Tel. Autonómicas. Septiembre 2017". Electograph (in Spanish). 19 September 2017.
  89. "Los separatistas mantendrían su actual mayoría y el PP crecería a costa del PSC". El Español (in Spanish). 10 September 2017.
  90. "ERC rentabiliza el "procés" en las urnas". La Razón (in Spanish). 15 August 2017.
  91. "Radiografía del voto. Encuesta agosto 2017". La Razón (in Spanish). 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  92. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 2a onada 2017" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 21 July 2017.
  93. "La subida de ERC mantiene la mayoría soberanista y no excluye un tripartito". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
  94. "ERC arrasaría en unas catalanas y la antigua Convergència se hunde por debajo del PP". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
  95. "ERC amplía la ventaja sobre el PDECat, que se disputaría la segunda plaza con Ciutadans". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 16 April 2017.
  96. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 1a onada 2017" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 30 March 2017.
  97. "El repunte de ERC apenas sostiene el voto soberanista". El País (in Spanish). 11 April 2017.
  98. "Actitudes en Cataluña respecto de un hipotético referéndum". El País (in Spanish). 11 April 2017.
  99. "ERC ganaría las autonómicas con más de siete puntos sobre el PDECat y C's". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 8 January 2017.
  100. "ERC se dispara y hunde al partido de Puigdemont hasta la tercera fuerza". La Razón (in Spanish). 27 December 2016.
  101. "Radiografía del voto" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 27 December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  102. "Enquesta sobre context polític a Catalunya. 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 29 December 2016.
  103. "ERC podría alcanzar los 50 escaños en el Parlament y el PDECat sería la quinta fuerza". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 18 December 2016.
  104. "Las tensiones del 'procés' propulsan a ERC". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 23 October 2017.
  105. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 39. 3a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 18 November 2016.
  106. "El Partit Demòcrata i la CUP s'enfonsarien en cas d'eleccions al Parlament, segons una enquesta interna d'ERC". Crític (in Catalan). 2 October 2016.
  107. "CATALUÑA (Autonómicas), Agosto 2016. Sondeo interno ERC". Electograph (in Spanish). 3 October 2016.
  108. "El independentismo ya no suma ni coaligados ni separados". La Razón (in Spanish). 12 August 2016.
  109. "CATALUÑA, Agosto 2016. Sondeo NC Report". Electograph (in Spanish). 12 August 2016.
  110. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 38. 2a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 22 July 2016.
  111. "ERC adelantaría a CDC y la CUP se hundiría en unas nuevas catalanas". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 June 2016.
  112. "ERC ganaría las elecciones catalanas y CDC podría ser tercera, según la encuesta del GESOP". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 5 May 2016.
  113. "Esquerra ganaría las elecciones catalanas y CDC podría ser tercera". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 6 May 2016.
  114. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 37. 1a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 18 March 2016.
  115. "¿Quién ganará las nuevas elecciones en Catalunya?". El Mundo (in Spanish). 3 January 2016.
  116. "Unes eleccions al març deixarien un país ingovernable". El Nacional (in Catalan). 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 3 January 2016.
  117. "La gran mayoría de los catalanes pide no apoyar a Mas". La Razón (in Spanish). 3 January 2016.
  118. "Encuesta 31 de diciembre de 2015" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 3 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  119. "¿Cree que se deberían repetir las elecciones al Parlament de Cataluña?" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 3 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  120. "Ciudadanos disputaría la victoria a ERC si se adelantan las elecciones en Cataluña". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 6 December 2015.
  121. "La mitad de los catalanes quiere votar de nuevo para salir del punto muerto". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 29 November 2015.
  122. "Enquesta sobre context polític a Catalunya. 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 2 December 2015.
  123. "Un mes después del 27-S" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 2 November 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  124. "CATALUÑA, Octubre 2015. Sondeo NC Report". Electograph (in Spanish). 2 November 2015.
  125. "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 36. 3a onada 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 13 November 2015.
Other
  1. Ponce de León, Rodrigo (27 October 2017). "Rajoy cesa a Puigdemont y su Govern y convoca elecciones para el 21 de diciembre". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  2. "Artur Mas Steps Down And Announces 11th-Hour Separatist Deal In Catalonia". The Spain Report. The Spain Report Ltd. 9 January 2016. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  3. Barrena, Xabi (10 July 2016). "Adiós CDC, hola Partit Demòcrata Català". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  4. "Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid". BBC News. 26 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  5. "Catalan parliament declares independence from Spain". BBC News. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  6. "Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule". BBC News. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  7. "Catalonia election: full results". The Guardian. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  8. Romero, Juanma (21 December 2017). "El 21-D castiga al PSC con un tímido tirón y a Sánchez con un suspenso en su primer test". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  9. "Spain's crisis re-ignited as Catalan separatists win vote". Reuters. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  10. "Catalan ex-leader demands Spain talks". BBC News. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  11. Jones, Sam; Burgen, Stephen (22 December 2017). "Catalan pro-independence parties keep their majority in snap poll". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  12. Meler, Isaac (22 December 2017). "Total collapse of the PP in Catalonia leaves Rajoy exposed". catalanmonitor.com. Catalan Monitor. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  13. Buil Demur, Ana (22 December 2017). "El 21-D marca "el comienzo del fin de la hegemonía del PP en España"". euronews (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  14. Romero, Juanma (26 December 2017). "El PP exige a Rajoy cambios gruesos en el Gobierno y en el partido del PP por el 21-D". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  15. "Ley Orgánica 6/2006, de 19 de julio, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña". Organic Law No. 6 of 19 July 2006. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  16. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  17. "Ley Orgánica 4/1979, de 18 de diciembre, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña". Organic Law No. 4 of 18 December 1979. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  18. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  19. Noguer, Miquel (27 September 2015). "Los independentistas ganan las elecciones y pierden su plebiscito". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  20. García Pagán, Isabel (26 October 2017). "Puigdemont convocará elecciones en Catalunya para el miércoles 20 de diciembre". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  21. Pardo Torregrosa, Iñaki (26 October 2017). "Dimiten los diputados Albert Batalla y Jordi Cuminal del PDeCAT por la convocatoria de elecciones". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  22. B. García, Luis (26 October 2017). "La CUP se irrita con el nuevo rumbo de Puigdemont hacia las elecciones autonómicas". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  23. García Sastre, Daniel (26 October 2017). "Puigdemont descarta elecciones y deja en manos del Parlament la respuesta al 155". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  24. Tomàs, Newus; Puente, Arturo (26 October 2017). "Puigdemont no convoca elecciones tras fracasar la negociación con el Gobierno para retirar el 155". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  25. Cortizo, Gonzalo (30 October 2017). "Puigdemont y parte de su gobierno se refugian en Bélgica para evitar a la justicia española". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  26. "Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont has fled the country amid rebellion charges". The Independent. Brussels. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  27. Guindal, Carlota (30 October 2017). "La Fiscalía se querella contra Puigdemont y el Govern por rebelión y sedición". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  28. Jones, Sam (30 October 2017). "Spanish prosecutor calls for rebellion charges against Catalan leaders". The Guardian. Barcelona. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  29. Jones, Sam (2 November 2017). "Spanish judge jails eight members of deposed Catalan government". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  30. "Catalan ex-ministers held by Spain court". BBC News. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  31. "Real Decreto 946/2017, de 27 de octubre, de convocatoria de elecciones al Parlamento de Cataluña y de su disolución" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (261): 103558–103559. 28 October 2017. ISSN 0212-033X.
  32. "Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya (1980 - 2017)". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  33. "Parliament of Catalonia: parliamentary groups since 1980". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  34. "Deputies of the Parliament of Catalonia since 1932". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  35. "11th Legislature". www.parlament.cat (in Spanish). Parliament of Catalonia. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  36. "Rabell propone dar más peso a Podemos para salvar Catalunya Sí que es Pot". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 23 September 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  37. "Germà Gordó se queda como diputado y pide la baja del PDeCAT". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 6 June 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  38. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  39. "C3. Coalición electoral "Junts per Catalunya"". www.juntaelectoralcentral.es. Central Electoral Commission. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  40. Lamelas, Marcos (24 November 2017). "El PDeCAT va el 21-D en coalición consigo mismo para cobrar las subvenciones de CDC". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  41. "Tres històrics de l'ecologisme a la candidatura de Junts per Catalunya". Nació Digital (in Catalan). 19 November 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  42. "El President de Reagrupament, Josep Sort, a la llista de Junts Per Catalunya". www.reagrupament.cat (in Catalan). Reagrupament. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  43. "La Crida de Puigdemont ya es un partido político". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 17 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  44. "Junts per la República se transforma en el partido Acció per la República". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 25 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  45. "Puigdemont: "Estoy dispuesto a ser candidato; incluso desde el extranjero"". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  46. Sixto Baqueiro, Camilo (5 November 2017). "Carles Puigdemont será el candidato del PDeCAT en las elecciones del 21-D". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  47. "Puigdemont encabezará una lista el 21-D bajo el nombre de 'Junts per Catalunya'". El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  48. "Junqueras encabezará la lista de ERC, con varios de los 'exconsellers' detenidos y con la incógnita de Forcadell" (in Spanish). RTVE. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  49. "Arrimadas gana las primarias de Ciudadanos para la Generalitat". El País (in Spanish). 27 May 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  50. "Iceta será el candidato del PSC a Presidencia de la Generalitat en las próximas elecciones". El Mundo (in Spanish). 22 June 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  51. "El PSC y Units per Avançar cierran un acuerdo para las elecciones del 21D". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  52. "Xavier Domènech será el candidato de los comunes el 21D si lo aprueban sus bases". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 29 October 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  53. Pardo Torregrosa, Iñaki (7 November 2017). "Más del 70% de los inscritos de Podem aprueban ir al 21D en confluencia con los comuns". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  54. "En Comú Podem apura la negociación de las listas para su campaña más decisiva". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 10 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  55. "Albiol será el candidato del PPC a las elecciones del 21D". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 28 October 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  56. "La CUP decide concurrir al 21-D en solitario". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 12 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  57. "Carles Riera se perfila como cabeza de lista de la CUP para las elecciones del 21-D". El País (in Spanish). 13 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  58. "El Partido Pirata irá en las listas electorales de la CUP el 21-D". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 16 November 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  59. Gisbert, Josep (30 October 2017). "El independentismo asume que debe presentarse a las elecciones". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  60. Noger, Miquel (30 October 2017). "Los partidos secesionistas se inclinan por ir a las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  61. Tomàs, Neus (30 October 2017). "Los partidos independentistas sopesan ya cómo presentarse al 21-D". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  62. Puente, Arturo (3 November 2017). "El PDeCAT apuesta por una lista conjunta contra el 155 y por la amnistía". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  63. "Junts per Catalunya, la llista del PDECat que liderarà Puigdemont" (in Catalan). VilaWeb. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  64. Barrena, Xabi (4 November 2017). "ERC rechaza una candidatura conjunta solo con el PDECat". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  65. Fernández, Antonio (5 November 2017). "La cúpula de ERC negocia en secreto con Artur Mas una lista unitaria". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  66. Sixto Baqueiro, Camilo (4 November 2017). "La CUP registrará una 'marca blanca' sin descartar la lista única". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  67. "La CUP decidirá si concurre a las elecciones fuera de plazo para entrar en una coalición". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  68. "La CUP descarta la lista unitaria de partidos y planteará cuatro opciones". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  69. "ERC da por imposible una lista "realmente unitaria"". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  70. "Los 'comuns' apuestan por una candidatura con Podem y Domènech de cabeza de lista". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  71. Romero, Nazaret (13 November 2017). "Puigdemont to head 'Together for Catalonia'". Catalan News. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  72. Medina Ortega, Manuel (2017). "The Political Rights of EU Citizens and the Right of Secession". In Closa, Carlos (ed.). Secession from a Member State and Withdrawal from the European Union: Troubled Membership. Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-1107172197. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  73. "Crida Constituent pretén "fer engrunes el sistema"". El Punt Avui (in Catalan). 15 January 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  74. "Albert Rivera, a los que le llaman facha: "En Cataluña, lo más progresista es facha"" (in Spanish). Cuatro. 8 November 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  75. Burgen, Stephen; Jones, Sam (21 December 2017). "All you need to know about the Catalonia election". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  76. "El PP se presenta como el único partido 'unionista' de Cataluña frente a la autodeterminación anunciada por Mas". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 26 September 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  77. "Programa electoral – Catalunya en Comú – Podemos". catalunyaencomupodem.cat. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  78. "Catalunya en Comú: la maldición de ser decisivo" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  79. Guerrero, Joan Antoni (28 November 2017). ""Puigdemont, el nostre president", lema de Junts per Catalunya pel 21-D". El Món (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  80. "JuntsxCat adopta el lema 'Puigdemont, nuestro presidente' para la campaña". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 28 November 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  81. Fiter, Carles (29 November 2017). "Esquerra Republicana donarà el tret de sortida a la campanya electoral a Vic amb Marta Rovira". Nació Digital (in Catalan). Vic. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  82. "Esquerra teme un "pucherazo" el 21-D". Diario La Rioja (in Spanish). 30 November 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  83. Campos, Cristian (26 November 2017). "Ciudadanos trolea al independentismo con su eslogan de campaña". El Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  84. Ferrer, Tomeu (26 November 2017). "'Ara si votarem' (Ahora sí votaremos), el lema de la campaña electoral de Ciudadanos el 21D". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  85. Camps, Carlota (20 November 2017). "El PSC utilitzarà el mateix eslògan que Unió el 27-S". El Nacional (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  86. "Los 'comuns' presentan 'Tenemos mucho en común' como lema de campaña". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  87. "'España es la solución', lema del PPC para las elecciones del 21-D". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  88. Rodríguez, Alejandro (24 November 2017). "'Espanya és la solució', el lema del PP per les eleccions del 21-D". El Nacional (in Catalan). Barcelona. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  89. "'Dempeus', la campanya de la CUP per "no retrocedir"". El Món (in Catalan). 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  90. "La CUP afirma que la unilateralidad es la "opción pragmática" para la república". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  91. "Informe 27/2018. Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya de l'any 2017" (PDF). Sindicadura de Comptes de Catalunya (in Catalan). 12 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  92. "El primer debate de las elecciones catalanas, este miércoles en 'El Debate de La 1'" (in Spanish). RTVE. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  93. "Los debates electorales en TVE, hundidos en audiencia frente a laSexta y TV3" (in Spanish). vertele!. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  94. "SALVADOS - Marta Rovira, a Inés Arrimadas: "No explicar la verdad sobre las escuelas y TV3 o renegar de los Mossos no es defender a Cataluña"" (in Spanish). laSexta. 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  95. "Audiencias: 'Julieta' y 'Salvados' se llevan el domingo". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 4 December 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  96. "Quim Barnola será el moderador del primer debate de candidatos a la Generalitat". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 7 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  97. "[Examen a TV3] '¿A dónde vas? Patatas traigo', por Ramón de España". Crónica Global (in Spanish). 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  98. "La prensa golpista catalana incendia el 21-D: 'Los unionistas no quieren gobernar Cataluña, quieren arrasarla'". Periodista Digital (in Spanish). 21 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  99. "El poema de Xavier Graset". Ara (in Catalan). 23 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  100. Donate, Pascual (14 December 2017). "El futuro de Cataluña, a debate en la SER" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  101. "DEBATE 17D - El 'España nos roba', la falta de acuerdos y los cruces de acusaciones marcan un debate a siete que deja la gobernabilidad de Cataluña en el aire" (in Spanish). laSexta. 17 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  102. "Agenda 18 de diciembre: Debate electoral en TV3". El Nacional (in Spanish). 18 December 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  103. "Electoral results. Parliament of Catalonia election 2017". gencat.cat (in Catalan). Government of Catalonia. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  104. "Parliament of Catalonia election results, 21 December 2017" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Central Electoral Commission. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  105. Kostaki, Irene (21 December 2017). "Catalan elections: Inés Arrimadas' Ciutadans first while pro-independence forces to win majority". New Europe. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  106. Hedgecoe, Guy (20 December 2017). "Catalan election: How Inés Arrimadas became rising star of Spanish unionism". Irish Times. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  107. "Five takeaways from the Catalan elections". Financial Times.
  108. Minder, Raphael (21 December 2017). "Catalonia Election Gives Separatists New Lift". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  109. "'A slap in the face' for Madrid: Puigdemont hails Catalonia election win". The Guardian. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  110. Piña, Raúl (27 December 2017). "Arrimadas no intentará la investidura para evitar el desgaste ante el PP". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  111. Romero, Juanma (3 January 2018). "El PSC aguarda el plan de Cs para la Mesa pero "facilitará" un presidente no 'indepe'". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  112. Sostres, Salvador (4 January 2018). "ERC quiere investir a Junqueras aunque permanezca en la cárcel". ABC (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  113. Miguel, Aizpuru (5 January 2018). "ERC postula a Junqueras como 'plan B' para presionar a JxCat". Noticias de Navarra (in Spanish). Pamplona. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  114. Tomàs, Neus (6 January 2018). "ERC postula a Junqueras como 'plan B' para presionar a JxCat". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  115. "Catalonia MPs elect separatist speaker as parliament reconvenes". BBC News. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  116. "Catalonia's Puigdemont cannot lead from abroad, court rules". BBC News. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  117. "Puigdemont could return to Catalonia in attempt to retake office". The Guardian. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  118. "Catalan parliament delays vote on leader but backs Puigdemont". The Guardian. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  119. "Jailed Catalan leader: We must unite to retake control". BBC News. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  120. "Catalonia Spain: Fugitive Puigdemont abandons presidency". BBC News. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  121. "Catalonia Spain: Judge refuses to release Jordi Sanchez for investiture". BBC News. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  122. "Catalan leader cannot leave jail to attend debate, court rules". The Guardian. 9 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  123. "Catalonia crisis: Jailed activist Jordi Sanchez drops candidacy". BBC News. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  124. "Catalan parties propose third potential leader in race against courts". The Guardian. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  125. Puente, Arturo (24 March 2018). "Torrent suspende la votación de investidura y realiza un pleno simbólico de apoyo a los encarcelados". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  126. "Spanish court remands Catalan presidential candidate in custody". The Guardian. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  127. "Spain Catalonia: Protesters clash with police after court ruling". BBC News. 24 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  128. "Si en dos meses no hay 'president', elecciones el 15 de julio". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 22 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  129. "Torra: Catalonia looks set to vote for headline separatist regional president". France 24. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  130. "Quim Torra sworn in as next Catalan premier". El País. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.