List of state leaders in 1929

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1929.

Africa

Egypt
- Monarch - Fuad I, King of Egypt (1917–1936)[1]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1928–1929)
  2. Adli Yakan Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1929–1930)
Ethiopia
- Monarch - Zewditu, Empress of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
- Regent - Negus Tafari Makonnen, Regent of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
- Chief Minister - Negus Tafari Makonnen, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1927–1936)
Liberia
- President - Charles D. B. King, President of Liberia (1920–1930)
South Africa
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, Governor-General of South Africa (1924–1931)
- Prime Minister - J. B. M. Hertzog, Prime Minister of South Africa (1924–1939)

Asia

Afghanistan
- the Kingdom of Afghanistan was temporarily superseded by the Emirate of Afghanistan between January and October 1929
- Monarch -
  1. Amanullah Khan, King of Afghanistan (1919–1929)
  2. Inayatullah Khan, King of Afghanistan (1929)
  3. Ali Ahmad Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1929)
  4. Habibullāh Kalakāni, Emir of Afghanistan (1929)
  5. Mohammed Nadir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1929–1933)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Sardar Shir Ahmad, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1927–1929)
  2. Shir Giyan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1929)
  3. Mohammad Hashim Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1929–1946)
Asir
- Monarch - Sayyid al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Idrisi al-Hasani, Emir of Asir (1926–1930)
China
- Head of State - Chiang Kai-shek, Chairman of the National Government of China (1928–1931)
- Premier - Tan Yankai, President of Executive Yuan of China (1928–1930)
- Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
  - Monarch - Thubten Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1879–1933)
Japan
- Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Baron Tanaka Giichi, Prime Minister of Japan (1927–1929)
  2. Osachi Hamaguchi, Prime Minister of Japan (1929–1931)
Mongolia
- Communist Party Leadership - Bat-Ochiryn Eldev-Ochir (1928–1930) + Peljidiin Genden (1928–1932) + Ölziin Badrakh (1928–1932), Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
- Head of State -
  1. Jamtsangiin Damdinsüren, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1927–1929)
  2. Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1929–1930)
- Premier - Anandyn Amar, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Mongolia (1928–1930)
Muscat and Oman
- Monarch - Taimur bin Feisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1913–1932)
Nejd and Hejaz
- Monarch - Ibn Saud, King of Nejd and Hejaz (1902–1953)[2]
Nepal
- Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
  2. Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1929–1932)
Persia
- Monarch - Reza Shah, Shah of Persia (1925–1941)
- Prime Minister - Mehdi Qoli Hedayat, Prime Minister of Persia (1927–1933)
Rajpipla State - Vijaysinhji (1915-1948)
Siam
- Monarch - Prajadhipok, King of Siam (1925–1935)
Turkey
- President - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (1923–1938)
- Prime Minister - İsmet İnönü, Prime Minister of Turkey (1925–1937)
- Ararat (secessionist state)
  - President - Ibrahim Heski, President of Ararat (1927–1930)
Tuva
- Communist Party Leader -
  1. Sodnam Balchir Ambyn-noyon, First Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1927–1929)
  2. Irgit Shagdyrzhap, First Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1929–1932)
- Head of State -
  1. Nimachyan, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1924–1929)
  2. Chuldum Lopsakovi, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tuva (1929–1936)
- Premier -
  1. Donduk Kuular, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1925–1929)
  2. Adyg-Tulush Khemchik-ool, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tuva (1929–1936)
Yemen
- Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, King of Yemen (1904–1948)[3]

Oceania

Australia
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - John Baird, Baron Stonehaven, Governor-General of Australia (1925–1931)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Stanley Bruce, Prime Minister of Australia (1923–1929)
  2. James Scullin, Prime Minister of Australia (1929–1932)
New Zealand
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Sir Charles Fergusson, Governor-General of New Zealand (1924–1930)
- Prime Minister - Joseph Ward, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1928–1930)

Europe

Albania
- Monarch - Zog I, King of the Albanians (1925–1939)[4]
- Prime Minister - Kostaq Kota, Prime Minister of Albania (1928–1930)
Andorra
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince - Gaston Doumergue, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1924–1931)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Joseph de Riba (1915–1933)
- First Syndic - Roc Pallares, First Syndic of Andorra (1928–1933)
Austria
- President - Wilhelm Miklas, Federal President of Austria (1928–1938)
- Chancellor -
  1. Ignaz Seipel, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1926–1929)
  2. Ernst Streeruwitz, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1929)
  3. Johann Schober, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1929–1930)
Belgium
- Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
- Prime Minister - Henri Jaspar, Prime Minister of Belgium (1926–1931)
Bulgaria
- Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
- Premier - Andrey Lyapchev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1926–1931)
Czechoslovakia
- President - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1926–1929)
  2. František Udržal, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1929–1932)
Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
- High Commissioner -
  1. Joost Adriaan van Hamel, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1925–1929)
  2. Manfredi di Gravina, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1929–1932)
- Head of State - Heinrich Sahm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1920–1931)
Denmark
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Thomas Madsen-Mygdal, Prime Minister of Denmark (1926–1929)
  2. Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1929–1942)
Estonia
- Head of State -
  1. August Rei, State Elder of Estonia (1928–1929)
  2. Otto Strandman, State Elder of Estonia (1929–1931)
Finland
- President - Lauri Kristian Relander, President of Finland (1925–1931)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Oskari Mantere, Prime Minister of Finland (1928–1929)
  2. Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister of Finland (1929–1930)
France
- President - Gaston Doumergue, President of France (1924–1931)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1926–1929)
  2. Aristide Briand, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1929)
  3. André Tardieu, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1929–1930)
Germany
- President - Paul von Hindenburg, President of Germany (1925–1934)
- Chancellor - Hermann Müller, Chancellor of Germany (1928–1930)
Greece
- President -
  1. Pavlos Kountouriotis, President of Greece (1926–1929)
  2. Alexandros Zaimis, President of Greece (1929–1935)
- Prime Minister - Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece (1928–1932)
Hungary
- Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
- Prime Minister - Count István Bethlen, Prime Minister of Hungary (1921–1931)
Iceland
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
- Prime Minister - Tryggvi Þórhallsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1927–1932)
Ireland
- Monarch - George V, King of Ireland (1922–1936)
- Governor-General - James McNeill, Governor-General of Ireland (1928–1932)
- Head of Government - W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council of Ireland (1922–1932)
Italy
- Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
- Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)
Latvia
- President - Gustavs Zemgals, President of Latvia (1927–1930)
- Prime Minister - Hugo Celmiņš, Prime Minister of Latvia (1928–1931)
Liechtenstein
- Monarch -
  1. Johann II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
  2. Franz I, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1929–1938)
- Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1928–1945)
Lithuania
- President - Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (1926–1940)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Augustinas Voldemaras, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1926–1929)
  2. Juozas Tūbelis, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1929–1938)
Luxembourg
- Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)[5]
- Prime Minister - Joseph Bech, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1926–1937)
Monaco
- Monarch - Louis II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
- Head of Government - Maurice Piette, Minister of State of Monaco (1923–1932)
Netherlands
- Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[6]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Dirk Jan de Geer, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1926–1929)
  2. Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1929–1933)
Norway
- Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)[7]
- Prime Minister - Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime Minister of Norway (1928–1931)
Poland
- President - Ignacy Mościcki, President of Poland (1926–1939)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Kazimierz Bartel, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1928–1929)
  2. Kazimierz Świtalski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1929)
  3. Kazimierz Bartel, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1929–1930)
Portugal
- President - Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
- Premier -
  1. José Vicente de Freitas, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1928–1929)
  2. Artur Ivens Ferraz, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1929)
  3. Luís Maria Lopes da Fonseca, Interim President of the Ministry of Portugal (1929)
  4. Artur Ivens Ferraz, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1929–1930)
Romania
- Monarch - Michael I, King of the Romanians (1927–1930)
- Regents - Prince Nicholas (1927–1930) + Patriarch Miron Cristea (1927–1930) + Gheorghe Buzdugan (1927–1929) + Constantin Sărăţeanu (1929–1930)
- Premier - Iuliu Maniu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1928–1930)
San Marino
- Captains Regent -
  1. Francesco Morri and Melchiorre Filippi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1928–1929)
  2. Girolamo Gozi and Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1929)
  3. Ezio Balducci and Aldo Busignani, Captains Regent of San Marino (1929–1930)
Soviet Union
- Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
- Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)[8]
- Premier - Alexei Rykov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1924–1930)
Spain
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister - Miguel Primo de Rivera, Marquis of Estella, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1923–1930)
Sweden
- Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
- Prime Minister - Arvid Lindman, Prime Minister of Sweden (1928–1930)
Switzerland
- Federal Council:[9]
  Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Robert Haab (1917–1929, President), Karl Scheurer (1919–1929), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934), Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934), Marcel Pilet-Golaz (1928–1944), Albert Meyer (1929–1938), Rudolf Minger (1929–1940)
United Kingdom
- Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1924–1929)
  2. Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1929–1935)
Vatican City
- was established on 11 February 1929
- Monarch - Pope Pius XI, Sovereign of Vatican City (1929–1939)
- Governor - Marquis Camillo Serafini, Governor of Vatican City (1929–1952)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
  - Secretary of State - Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal Secretary of State (1914–1930)
Yugoslavia
- changed name from Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 6 January 1929
- Monarch - Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia (1921–1934)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Anton Korošec, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1928–1929)
  2. Petar Živković, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1929–1932)

North America

Canada
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor General - Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Viscount Willingdon, Governor General of Canada (1926–1931)
- Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (1926–1930)
Costa Rica
- President - Cleto González Víquez, President of Costa Rica (1928–1932)
Cuba
- President - Gerardo Machado, President of Cuba (1925–1933)
Dominican Republic
- President - Horacio Vásquez, President of the Dominican Republic (1924–1930)
El Salvador
- President - Pío Romero Bosque, President of El Salvador (1927–1931)
Guatemala
- President - Lázaro Chacón González, President of Guatemala (1926–1931)
Haiti (under US occupation)
- High Commissioner - John H. Russell, Jr., High Commissioner to Haiti (1919–1930)
- President - Louis Borno, President of Haiti (1922–1930)
Honduras
- President -
  1. Miguel Paz Barahona, President of Honduras (1925–1929)
  2. Vicente Mejía Colindres, President of Honduras (1929–1933)
Mexico
- President - Emilio Portes Gil, President of Mexico (1928–1930)
Newfoundland
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor - Sir John Middleton, Governor of Newfoundland (1928–1932)
- Prime Minister - Sir Richard Squires, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1928–1932)
Nicaragua
- President -
  1. Adolfo Díaz, President of Nicaragua (1926–1929)
  2. José María Moncada, President of Nicaragua (1929–1933)
Panama
- President - Florencio Harmodio Arosemena, President of Panama (1928–1931)
United States
- President -
  1. Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States (1923–1929)
  2. Herbert Hoover, President of the United States (1929–1933)

South America

Argentina
- President - Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (1928–1930)
Bolivia
- President - Hernando Siles Reyes, President of Bolivia (1926–1930)
Brazil
- President - Washington Luís, President of Brazil (1926–1930)
Chile
- President - Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, President of Chile (1927–1931)
Colombia
- President - Miguel Abadía Méndez, President of Colombia (1926–1930)
Ecuador
- President - Isidro Ayora, President of Ecuador (1926–1931)
Paraguay
- President - José Patricio Guggiari, President of Paraguay (1928–1932)
Peru
- President - Augusto B. Leguía, President of Peru (1919–1930)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Pedro José Rada y Gamio, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1926–1929)
  2. Benjamín Huamán de los Heros, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1929–1930)
Uruguay
- President - Juan Campisteguy, President of Uruguay (1927–1931)
Venezuela
- President -
  1. Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (1922–1929)
  2. Juan Bautista Pérez, President of Venezuela (1929–1931)

References

Egypt only became independent in 1922.
Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
Yemen only became independent in 1918.
Zog I was in power as President of Albania under the name of Ahmet Zogu between 1925 and 1928.
In exile between 1940 and 1945.
In exile between 1940 and 1945.
In exile between 1940 and 1945.
Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

External links

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[1] Egypt only became independent in 1922.

[2] Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.

[3] Yemen only became independent in 1918.

[4] Zog I was in power as President of Albania under the name of Ahmet Zogu between 1925 and 1928.

[5] In exile between 1940 and 1945.

[6] In exile between 1940 and 1945.

[7] In exile between 1940 and 1945.

[8] Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.

[9] The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.