List of state leaders in 1924

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1924.

Africa

• Egypt
  • Monarch - Fuad I, King of Egypt (1917–1936)[1]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Yahya Ibrahim Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1923–1924)
    2. Saad Zaghloul, Prime Minister of Egypt (1924)
    3. Ahmad Ziwar Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt (1924–1926)
•  Ethiopia
  • Monarch - Zewditu, Empress of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
  • Regent - Ras Tafari Makonnen, Regent of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
  • Chief Minister - Habte Giyorgis Dinagde, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1909–1927)
•  Liberia
  • President - Charles D. B. King, President of Liberia (1920–1930)
• Rif Republic (unrecognized secessionist state)
  • President - Abd el-Krim, President of the Rif Republic (1921–1926)
• South Africa
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General -
    1. Prince Arthur of Connaught, Governor-General of South Africa (1920–1924)
    2. Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, Governor-General of South Africa (1924–1931)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa (1919–1924)
    2. J. B. M. Hertzog, Prime Minister of South Africa (1924–1939)

Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Monarch - Amanullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1919–1929)
  • Monarch (Southern Province only) - Abd-al Karim, Emir of Afghanistan (1924–1925)
• Asir
  • Monarch - Sayyid Ali ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Hasani, Emir of Asir (1923–1926)
• Bukhara
  • Bukharan People's Soviet Republic changed name to Bukharan Soviet Socialist Republic on 19 September 1924
  • Head of State - Porsa Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Bukhara (1922–1925)
  • Premier - Fayzulla Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Bukhara (1921–1924)
• China
  • Beiyang Government
    • Head of State -
      1. Cao Kun, President of China (1923–1924)
      2. Huang Fu, Acting President of China (1924)
      3. Duan Qirui, Provisional Chief Executive of China (1924–1926)
    • Premier -
      1. Gao Lingwei, Premier of State Council of China (1923–1924)
      2. Sun Baoqi, Premier of State Council of China (1924)
      3. Wellington Koo, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1924)
      4. Yan Huiqing, Premier of State Council of China (1924)
      5. Huang Fu, Premier of State Council of China (1924)
  •  Nationalist Government
    • Head of State - Sun Yat-sen, Generalissimo of the National Government of China (1923–1925)
  • Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
    • Monarch - Thubten Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1879–1933)
• Hejaz
  • Monarch -
    1. Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz (1908–1924)[2]
    2. Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz (1924–1925)
•  Japan
  • Monarch - Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan (1912–1926)
  • Regent - Crown Prince Hirohito, Regent of Japan (1921–1926)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Count Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, Prime Minister of Japan (1923–1924)
    2. Viscount Kiyoura Keigo, Prime Minister of Japan (1924)
    3. Count Katō Takaaki, Prime Minister of Japan (1924–1926)
• Khorezm
  • Communist Party Leader -
    1. Karimzhan Adinayev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Khorezm (1923–1924)
    2. Isak Hansuvarov, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Khorezm (1924)
  • Head of State -
    1. K. Safaroghli, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Khorezm (1923–1924)
    2. Sultonkari Jumaniyoz, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Khorezm (1924)
    3. Temurkhoja Yaminoghli, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Khorezm (1924–1925)
  • Premier - Sultanmurad Kany, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Khorezm (1921–1924)
• Kurdistan (unrecognized secessionist state)
  • reintegrated into British Iraq in July 1924
  • Monarch - Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, King of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
  • Prime Minister - Sheikh Qadir Barzanji, Prime Minister of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
• Mongolia
  • the Bogd Khaan State was superseded by the Mongolian People's Republic on 26 November 1924
  • Communist Party Leader -
    1. Ajvaagiin Danzan, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1923–1924)
    2. Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1924–1928)
  • Monarch - Bogd Khan, Khan of Mongolia (1921–1924)
  • Republican Head of State -
    1. Balingiin Tserendorj, Acting Head of State of Mongolia (1924)
    2. Navaandorjiin Jadambaa, Chairman of the State Great Khural of Mongolia (1924)
    3. Peljidiin Genden, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of Mongolia (1924–1927)
  • Prime Minister - Balingiin Tserendorj, Prime Minister of Mongolia[3] (1923–1928)
• Muscat and Oman
  • Monarch - Taimur bin Feisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1913–1932)
• Nejd
  • Monarch - Ibn Saud, Sultan of Nejd (1902–1953)[4]
• Nepal
  • Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
• Persia
  • Monarch - Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1909–1925)
  • Prime Minister - Reza Khan, Prime Minister of Persia (1923–1925)
• Rajpipla State - Vijaysinhji (1915-1948)
•  Siam
  • Monarch - Vajiravudh, King of Siam (1910–1925)
• Tannu Tuva
  • Communist Party Leader -
    1. Oyun Kursedy, President of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1923–1924)
    2. Shagdyr, General Secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1924–1926)
  • Head of State - Nimachyan, Chairman of the Presidium of the Little Hural of Tannu Tuva (1924–1929)
  • Premier -
    1. Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tannu Tuva (1923–1924)
    2. Soyan Oruygu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Tannu Tuva (1924–1925)
•  Turkey
  • President - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (1923–1938)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. İsmet İnönü, Prime Minister of Turkey (1923–1924)
    2. Fethi Okyar, Prime Minister of Turkey (1924–1925)
• Yemen (unrecognized state)
  • Monarch - Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, Imam of Yemen (1904–1948)[5]

Australia and Oceania

•  Australia
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General - Henry Forster, Baron Forster, Governor-General of Australia (1920–1925)
  • Prime Minister - Stanley Bruce, Prime Minister of Australia (1923–1929)
• New Zealand
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General -
    1. John Jellicoe, Viscount Jellicoe, Governor-General of New Zealand (1920–1924)
    2. Sir Charles Fergusson, Governor-General of New Zealand (1924–1930)
  • Prime Minister - William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1912–1925)

Europe

• Albania
  • Head of State -
    • High Council of Regency, Head of State of Albania (1920–1925)
    • Bishop Fan S. Noli, Acting Head of State of Albania (acting for the High Council) (1924)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ahmet Zogu, Prime Minister of Albania (1922–1924)
    2. Shefqet Vërlaci, Prime Minister of Albania (1924)
    3. Iliaz Vrioni, Prime Minister of Albania (1924)
    4. Bishop Fan S. Noli, Prime Minister of Albania (1924)
    5. Iliaz Vrioni, Prime Minister of Albania (1924–1925)
•  Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince -
      1. Alexandre Millerand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1924)
      2. Frédéric François-Marsal, Acting French Co-Prince of Andorra (1924)
      3. Gaston Doumergue, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1924–1931)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1920–1940)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Joseph de Riba (1915–1933)
  • First Syndic - Pere Font, First Syndic of Andorra (1924–1927)
• Austria
  • President - Michael Hainisch, Federal President of Austria (1920–1928)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Ignaz Seipel, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1922–1924)
    2. Rudolf Ramek, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1924–1926)
•  Belgium
  • Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
  • Prime Minister - Georges Theunis, Prime Minister of Belgium (1921–1925)
•  Bulgaria
  • Monarch - Boris III, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1918–1943)
  • Premier - Aleksandar Tsankov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1923–1926)
• Czechoslovakia
  • President - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia (1918–1935)
  • Prime Minister - Antonín Švehla, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1922–1926)
•  Danzig (free city under League of Nations protection)
  • High Commissioner - Mervyn Sorley McDonnell, League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig (1923–1925)
  • Head of State - Heinrich Sahm, President of the Senate of Danzig (1920–1931)
•  Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Niels Neergaard, Prime Minister of Denmark (1920–1924)
    2. Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (1924–1926)
•  Estonia
  • Head of State -
    1. Konstantin Päts, State Elder of Estonia (1923–1924)
    2. Friedrich Akel, State Elder of Estonia (1924)
    3. Jüri Jaakson, State Elder of Estonia (1924–1925)
•  Finland
  • President - Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President of Finland (1919–1925)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister of Finland (1922–1924)
    2. Aimo Cajander, Prime Minister of Finland (1924)
    3. Lauri Ingman, Prime Minister of Finland (1924–1925)
• Fiume
  • annexed by Italy on 16 March 1924
  • Head of State - Gaetano Giardino, Military Governor of Fiume (1923–1924)
• France
  • President -
    1. Alexandre Millerand, President of France (1920–1924)
    2. Frédéric François-Marsal, Acting President of France (1924)
    3. Gaston Doumergue, President of France (1924–1931)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Raymond Poincaré, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1922–1924)
    2. Frédéric François-Marsal, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1924)
    3. Édouard Herriot, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1924–1925)
•  Germany
  • President - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (1919–1925)
  • Chancellor - Wilhelm Marx, Chancellor of Germany (1923–1925)
  • Rhenish Republic (unrecognized, secessionist state)
    • disestablished on 26 November 1924
    • President - Josef Friedrich Matthes, President of the Rhenish Republic (1923–1924)
• Greece
  • the Kingdom of Greece was superseded by the Hellenic Republic on 25 March 1924
  • Monarch - George II, King of the Hellenes (1922–1924)
  • Regent - Pavlos Kountouriotis, Regent of Greece (1923–1924)
  • President - Pavlos Kountouriotis, President of Greece (1924–1926)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Stylianos Gonatas, Prime Minister of Greece (1922–1924)
    2. Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece (1924)
    3. Georgios Kafantaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1924)
    4. Alexandros Papanastasiou, Prime Minister of Greece (1924)
    5. Themistoklis Sofoulis, Prime Minister of Greece (1924)
    6. Andreas Michalakopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (1924–1925)
• Holy See
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XI, Pope (1922–1939)
  • Secretary of State - Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal Secretary of State (1914–1930)
• Hungary
  • Head of State - Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920–1944)
  • Prime Minister - Count István Bethlen, Prime Minister of Hungary (1921–1931)
• Iceland
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Iceland (1918–1944)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Sigurður Eggerz, Prime Minister of Iceland (1922–1924)
    2. Jón Magnússon, Prime Minister of Iceland (1924–1926)
•  Ireland
  • Monarch - George V, King of Ireland (1922–1936)
  • Governor-General - Tim Healy, Governor-General of Ireland (1922–1928)
  • Head of Government - W. T. Cosgrave, President of the Executive Council of Ireland (1922–1932)
•  Italy
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister - Benito Mussolini, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1922–1943)
•  Latvia
  • President - Jānis Čakste, President of Latvia (1918–1927)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Prime Minister of Latvia (1923–1924)
    2. Voldemārs Zāmuēls, Prime Minister of Latvia (1924)
    3. Hugo Celmiņš, Prime Minister of Latvia (1924–1925)
•  Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Johann II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
  • Head of Government - Gustav Schädler, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1922–1928)
• Lithuania
  • President - Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (1920–1926)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ernestas Galvanauskas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1922–1924)
    2. Antanas Tumėnas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1924–1925)
•  Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)[6]
  • Prime Minister - Émile Reuter, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1918–1925)
•  Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government - Maurice Piette, Minister of State of Monaco (1923–1932)
•  Netherlands
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[6]
  • Prime Minister - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1918–1925)
•  Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)[6]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Abraham Berge, Prime Minister of Norway (1923–1924)
    2. Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Prime Minister of Norway (1924–1926)
• Poland
  • President - Stanisław Wojciechowski, President of Poland (1922–1926)
  • Prime Minister - Władysław Grabski, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1923–1925)
• Portugal
  • President - Manuel Teixeira Gomes, President of Portugal (1923–1925)
  • Premier -
    1. Álvaro de Castro, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1923–1924)
    2. Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1924)
    3. José Domingues dos Santos, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1924–1925)
•  Romania
  • Monarch - Ferdinand I, King of the Romanians (1914–1927)
  • Premier - Ion I. C. Brătianu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1922–1926)
•  San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Marino Borbiconi and Mario Michetti, Captains Regent of San Marino (1923–1924)
    2. Angelo Manzoni Borghesi and Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1924)
    3. Francesco Morri and Girolamo Gozi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1924–1925)
•  Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
  • Monarch - Alexander I, King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–1934)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Nikola Pašić, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1921–1924)
    2. Ljubomir Davidović, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1924)
    3. Nikola Pašić, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1924–1926)
•  Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (1919–1946)[7]
  • Premier -
    1. Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1917–1924)[8]
    2. Alexei Rykov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union (1924–1930)
• Spain
  • Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
  • Prime Minister - Miguel Primo de Rivera, Marquis of Estella, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1923–1930)
•  Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Ernst Trygger, Prime Minister of Sweden (1923–1924)
    2. Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden (1924–1925)
•   Switzerland
  • Federal Council:[9]

    Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Robert Haab (1917–1929), Ernest Chuard (1919–1928, President), Karl Scheurer (1919–1929), Jean-Marie Musy (1919–1934), Heinrich Häberlin (1920–1934)

•  United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1923–1924)
    2. Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1924)
    3. Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1924–1929)

North America and the Caribbean

•  Canada
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor General - Julian Byng, Baron Byng of Vimy, Governor General of Canada (1921–1926)
  • Prime Minister - William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada (1921–1926)
•  Costa Rica
  • President -
    1. Julio Acosta García, President of Costa Rica (1920–1924)
    2. Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno, President of Costa Rica (1924–1928)
• Cuba
  • President - Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso, President of Cuba (1921–1925)
•  Dominican Republic
  • US occupation ended on 13 July 1924
  • President -
    1. Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos, President of the Dominican Republic (1922–1924)
    2. Horacio Vásquez, President of the Dominican Republic (1924–1930)
•  El Salvador
  • President - Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, President of El Salvador (1923–1927)
•  Guatemala
  • President - José María Orellana, President of Guatemala (1921–1926)
•  Haiti (under US occupation)
  • High Commissioner - John H. Russell, Jr., High Commissioner to Haiti (1919–1930)
  • President - Louis Borno, President of Haiti (1922–1930)
•  Honduras
  • President -
    1. Rafael López Gutiérrez, Provisional President of Honduras (1920–1924)
    2. Francisco Bueso, Acting President of Honduras (1924)
    3. Tiburcio Carías Andino, First Chief of Liberating Revolution of Honduras (1924)
    4. Vicente Tosta, Provisional President of Honduras (1924–1925)
•  Mexico
  • President -
    1. Álvaro Obregón, President of Mexico (1920–1924)
    2. Plutarco Elías Calles, President of Mexico (1924–1928)
•  Newfoundland
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor - Sir William Allardyce, Governor of Newfoundland (1922–1928)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. William Warren, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1923–1924)
    2. Albert Hickman, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1924)
    3. Walter Stanley Monroe, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1924–1928)
•  Nicaragua
  • President - Bartolomé Martínez, President of Nicaragua (1923–1925)
•  Panama
  • President -
    1. Belisario Porras Barahona, President of Panama (1920–1924)
    2. Rodolfo Chiari, President of Panama (1924–1928)
•  United States
  • President - Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States (1923–1929)

South America

•  Argentina
  • President - Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, President of Argentina (1922–1928)
•  Bolivia
  • President - Bautista Saavedra, President of Bolivia (1921–1925)
• Brazil
  • President - Artur Bernardes, President of Brazil (1922–1926)
•  Chile
  • Head of State -
    1. Arturo Alessandri, President of Chile (1920–1924)
    2. Luis Altamirano, Chairman of the Government Junta of Chile (1924–1925)
•  Colombia
  • President - Pedro Nel Ospina Váquez, President of Colombia (1922–1926)
•  Ecuador
  • President -
    1. José Luis Tamayo, President of Ecuador (1920–1924)
    2. Gonzalo Córdova, President of Ecuador (1924–1925)
•  Paraguay
  • President -
    1. Eligio Ayala, Acting President of Paraguay (1923–1924)
    2. Luis Alberto Riart, Acting President of Paraguay (1924)
    3. Eligio Ayala, President of Paraguay (1924–1928)
•  Peru
  • President - Augusto B. Leguía, President of Peru (1919–1930)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Julio Enrique Ego Aguirre, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1922–1924)
    2. Alejandrino Maguiña, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1924–1926)
•  Uruguay
  • President - José Serrato, President of Uruguay (1923–1927)
• Venezuela
  • President - Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (1922–1929)

References

1. Egypt only became independent in 1922.
2. Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.
3. The title of the Mongol head of government changed from Prime Minister to Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars on 28 November 1924.
4. Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
5. Yemen only became independent in 1918.
6. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
7. Kalinin was head of state of Russia (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets) from 1919 to 1938, and head of state of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1946.
8. Lenin was head of government of Russia (Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars) from 1917 to 1924 and head of government of the Soviet Union (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars) from 1922 to 1924.
9. The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

External links