List of state leaders in 1953

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1953.

Africa

• Egypt
  • the Kingdom of Egypt was superseded by the Republic of Egypt on 18 June 1953
  • Monarch - Fuad II, King of Egypt and the Sudan (1952–1953)
  • Regent - Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim, Chairman of the Council of Regency of Egypt (1952–1953)
  • President - Muhammad Naguib, President of Egypt (1953–1954)
  • Prime Minister - Muhammad Naguib, Prime Minister of Egypt (1952–1954)
•  Ethiopia
  • Monarch - Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia (1930–1974)[1]
  • Prime Minister - Makonnen Endelkachew, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1942–1957)
•  Liberia
  • President - William Tubman, President of Liberia (1944–1971)
• Libya
  • Monarch - Idris, King of Libya (1951–1969)
  • Prime Minister - Mahmud al-Muntasir, Prime Minister of Libya (1951–1954)
•  South Africa
  • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of South Africa (1952–1961)
  • Governor-General - Ernest George Jansen, Governor-General of South Africa (1951–1959)
  • Prime Minister - Daniel François Malan, Prime Minister of South Africa (1948–1954)

Asia

• Afghanistan
  • Monarch - Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (1933–1973)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Shah Mahmud Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1946–1953)
    2. Mohammed Daoud Khan, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1953–1963)
•  Bhutan
  • Monarch - Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (1952–1972)
  • Prime Minister - Jigme Palden Dorji, Prime Minister of Bhutan (1952–1964)
•  Burma
  • President - Ba U, President of Burma (1952–1957)
  • Prime Minister - U Nu, Prime Minister of Burma (1948–1956)
• Cambodia
  • French Protectorate of Cambodia gained independence on 9 November 1953, previously part of French Indochina
  • Commissioner - Jean Risterucci, French Commissioner in Cambodia (1952–1953)
  • Monarch - Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia (1941–1955)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. King Norodom Sihanouk, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1952–1953)
    2. Penn Nouth, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1953)
    3. Chan Nak, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1953–1954)
• Ceylon
  • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Ceylon (1952–1972)
  • Governor-General - Herwald Ramsbotham, Baron Soulbury, Governor-General of Ceylon (1949–1954)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Dudley Senanayake, Prime Minister of Ceylon (1952–1953)
    2. Sir John Kotelawala, Prime Minister of Ceylon (1953–1956)
•  China (People's Republic of China)
  • Communist Party Leader - Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China (1935–1976)
  • Head of State - Mao Zedong, Chairman of China (1949–1959)
  • Premier - Zhou Enlai, Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government of China (1949–1976)
•  India
  • President - Rajendra Prasad, President of India (1950–1962)
  • Prime Minister - Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India (1947–1964)
•  Indonesia
  • President - Sukarno, President of Indonesia (1945–1967)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Wilopo, Prime Minister of Indonesia (1952–1953)
    2. Ali Sastroamidjojo, Prime Minister of Indonesia (1953–1955)
  • Islamic State of Indonesia (unrecognized secessionist state)
    • Leader - Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo, Imam of the Islamic State of Indonesia (1949–1962)
• Iran
  • Monarch - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (1941–1979)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Mohammad Mosaddegh, Prime Minister of Iran (1952–1953)
    2. Fazlollah Zahedi, Prime Minister of Iran (1953–1955)
•  Iraq
  • Monarch - Faisal II, King of Iraq (1939–1958)
  • Regent - Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, Regent of Iraq (1941–1953)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Nureddin Mahmud, Prime Minister of Iraq (1952–1953)
    2. Jamil al-Midfai, Prime Minister of Iraq (1953)
    3. Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali, Prime Minister of Iraq (1953–1954)
•  Israel
  • President - Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, President of Israel (1952–1963)
  • Prime Minister - David Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister of Israel (1948–1954)
•  Japan
  • Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
  • Prime Minister - Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan (1948–1954)
•  Jordan
  • Monarch - Hussein, King of Jordan (1952–1999)
  • Regent - Queen Zein al-Sharaf Talal, Head of the Regency Council of Jordan (1952–1953)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Tawfik Abu al-Huda, Prime Minister of Jordan (1951–1953)
    2. Fawzi al-Mulki, Prime Minister of Jordan (1953–1954)
•  North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
  • Communist Party Leader - Kim Il-sung, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers' Party (1949–1994)
  • Head of State - Kim Tu-bong, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea (1947–1957)[2]
  • Prime Minister - Kim Il-sung, Prime Minister of the Cabinet of North Korea (1946–1972)[3]
• South Korea (Republic of Korea)
  • President - Syngman Rhee, President of South Korea (1948–1960)
  • Prime Minister - Baek Du-jin, Prime Minister of South Korea (1952–1954)
• Laos
  • French Protectorate of Laos gained independence on 22 October 1953, previously part of French Indochina
  • Commissioner -
    1. Robert Regnier, French Commissioner in Laos (1949–1953)
    2. Miguel de Pereyra, French Commissioner in Laos (1953)
  • Monarch - Sisavang Vong, King of Laos (1946–1959)
  • Prime Minister - Prince Souvanna Phouma, Prime Minister of Laos (1951–1954)
•  Lebanon
  • President - Camille Chamoun, President of Lebanon (1952–1958)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Khaled Chehab, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (1952–1953)
    2. Saeb Salam, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (1953)
    3. Abdallah El-Yafi, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (1953–1954)
• Mongolia
  • Communist Party Leader - Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, General secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1940–1954)
  • Head of State -
    1. Gonchigiin Bumtsend, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Hural of Mongolia (1940–1953)
    2. Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa, Acting Chairman of the Presidium of the State Great Hural of Mongolia (1953–1954)
  • Premier - Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Mongolia (1952–1974)
• Muscat and Oman
  • Monarch - Said Bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1932–1970)
• Nepal
  • Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1951–1955)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Tribhuvan, Prime Minister of Nepal (1952–1953)
    2. Matrika Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal (1953–1955)
• Pakistan
  • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Pakistan (1952–1956)
  • Governor-General - Malik Ghulam Muhammad, Governor-General of Pakistan (1951–1955)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1951–1953)
    2. Muhammad Ali Bogra, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1953–1955)
•  Philippines
  • President -
    1. Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines (1948–1953)
    2. Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines (1953–1957)
•  Saudi Arabia
  • Monarch -
    1. Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1902–1953)[4]
    2. Saud, King of Saudi Arabia (1953–1964)
  • Prime Minister - Saud, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (1953–1954)
• Syria
  • Head of State -
    1. Fawzi Selu, Head of State of Syria (1951–1953)
    2. Adib Shishakli, President of Syria (1953–1954)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Fawzi Selu, Prime Minister of Syria (1951–1953)
    2. Adib Shishakli, Prime Minister of Syria (1953–1954)
•  Taiwan (Republic of China)
  • President - Chiang Kai-shek, President of Taiwan (1950–1975)
  • Premier - Chen Cheng, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (1950–1954)
•  Thailand
  • Monarch - Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
  • Prime Minister - Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime Minister of Thailand (1948–1957)
•  Turkey
  • President - Celâl Bayar, President of Turkey (1950–1960)
  • Prime Minister - Adnan Menderes, Prime Minister of Turkey (1950–1960)
•  North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
  • Communist Party Leader - Trường Chinh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1941–1956)
  • President - Hồ Chí Minh, President of North Vietnam (1945–1969)
  • Premier - Hồ Chí Minh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of North Vietnam (1945–1955)
• South Vietnam (State of Vietnam)
  • Head of State - Bảo Đại, Chief of State of South Vietnam (1949–1955)
  • Prime Minister - Nguyễn Văn Tâm, Prime Minister of South Vietnam (1952–1953)
• Yemen
  • Monarch - Ahmad bin Yahya, King of Yemen (1948–1955)
  • Prime Minister - Hassan ibn Yahya, Prime Minister of Yemen (1948–1955)

Europe

• Albania
  • Communist Party Leader - Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1944–1985)
  • Head of State -
    1. Omer Nishani, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1944–1953)
    2. Haxhi Lleshi, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1953–1982)
  • Premier - Enver Hoxha, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1944–1954)
•  Andorra
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Vincent Auriol, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1947–1954)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Guy Henri Victor Menant (1952–1956)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1943–1969)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Jaume Sansa Nequí (1937–1972)
  • First Syndic - Francesc Cairat Freixes, First Syndic of Andorra (1937–1960)
• Austria (under Allied occupation)
  • President - Theodor Körner, Federal President of Austria (1951–1957)
  • Chancellor -
    1. Leopold Figl, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1945–1953)
    2. Julius Raab, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1953–1961)
  • American high commissioner - Llewellyn Thompson (1952–1955)
  • British high commissioner - Harold Caccia (1950–1954)
  • French high commissioner - Jean Payart (1950–1955)
  • Soviet high commissioner -
    1. Vladimir Sviridov (1949–1953)
    2. Ivan Ilyichev (1953–1955)
•  Belgium
  • Monarch - Baudouin, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
  • Prime Minister - Jean Van Houtte, Prime Minister of Belgium (1952–1954)
• Bulgaria
  • Communist Party Leader - Vulko Chervenkov, General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1949–1954)
  • Head of State - Georgi Damyanov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly of Bulgaria (1950–1958)
  • Premier - Vulko Chervenkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1950–1956)
• Czechoslovakia
  • Communist Party Leader -
    1. Klement Gottwald, Chairman of the Communisty Party of Czechoslovakia (1929–1953)[5]
    2. Antonín Novotný, First Secretary of the Communisty Party of Czechoslovakia (1953–1968)
  • President -
    1. Klement Gottwald, President of Czechoslovakia (1948–1953)
    2. Antonín Zápotocký, President of Czechoslovakia (1953–1957)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Antonín Zápotocký, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1948–1953)
    2. Viliam Široký, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1953–1963)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Frederick IX, King of Denmark (1947–1972)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Erik Eriksen, Prime Minister of Denmark (1950–1953)
    2. Hans Hedtoft, Prime Minister of Denmark (1953–1955)
•  Finland
  • President - Juho Kusti Paasikivi, President of Finland (1946–1956)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Urho Kekkonen, Prime Minister of Finland (1950–1953)
    2. Sakari Tuomioja, Prime Minister of Finland (1953–1954)
• France
  • President - Vincent Auriol, President of France (1947–1954)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Antoine Pinay, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1952–1953)
    2. René Mayer, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1953)
    3. Joseph Laniel, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1953–1954)
•  East Germany (German Democratic Republic)
  • Communist Party Leader - Walter Ulbricht, First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1950–1971)
  • President - Wilhelm Pieck, President of East Germany (1949–1960)
  • Premier - Otto Grotewohl, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1949–1964)
•  West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
  • President - Theodor Heuss, Federal President of West Germany (1949–1959)
  • Chancellor - Konrad Adenauer, Federal Chancellor of West Germany (1949–1963)
  • West Berlin (Western Allies-occupied free city)
    • Governing Mayor -
      1. Ernst Reuter, Governing Mayor of Berlin (1948–1953)
      2. Walther Schreiber, Governing Mayor of Berlin (1953–1955)
•  Greece
  • Monarch - Paul, King of the Hellenes (1947–1964)
  • Prime Minister - Alexandros Papagos, President of the Ministerial Council of Greece (1952–1955)
• Hungary
  • Communist Party Leader - Mátyás Rákosi, First Secretary of the Hungarian Workers' Party (1945–1956)
  • Head of State - István Dobi, Chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1952–1967)
  • Premier -
    1. Mátyás Rákosi, President of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1952–1953)
    2. Imre Nagy, President of the Council of Ministers of Hungary (1953–1955)
•  Iceland
  • President - Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, President of Iceland (1952–1968)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Steingrímur Steinþórsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1950–1953)
    2. Ólafur Thors, Prime Minister of Iceland (1953–1956)
•  Ireland
  • President - Seán T. O'Kelly, President of Ireland (1945–1959)
  • Prime Minister - Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach of Ireland (1951–1954)
•  Italy
  • President - Luigi Einaudi, President of Italy (1948–1955)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Alcide De Gasperi, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1945–1953)
    2. Giuseppe Pella, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1953–1954)
•  Liechtenstein
  • Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
  • Prime Minister - Alexander Frick, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1945–1962)
•  Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)[6]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Pierre Dupong, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1937–1953)[7]
    2. Joseph Bech, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1953–1958)
•  Monaco
  • Monarch - Rainier III, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Pierre Voizard, Minister of State of Monaco (1950–1953)
    2. Henry Soum, Minister of State of Monaco (1953–1959)
•  The Netherlands
  • Monarch - Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands (1948–1980)
  • Prime Minister - Willem Drees, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1948–1958)
•  Norway
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)[8]
  • Prime Minister - Oscar Torp, Prime Minister of Norway (1951–1955)
• Poland
  • Communist Party Leader - Bolesław Bierut, First Secretary of the Central Committee of Polish United Workers' Party (1948–1956)
  • Head of State - Aleksander Zawadzki, Chairman of the Council of State of Poland (1952–1964)
  • Premier - Bolesław Bierut, President of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1952–1954)
• Portugal
  • President - Francisco Craveiro Lopes, President of Portugal (1951–1958)
  • Premier - António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers of Portugal (1932–1968)
• Romania
  • Communist Party Leader - Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary of the Romanian Workers' Party (1945–1954)
  • Head of State - Petru Groza, Chairman of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly of Romania (1952–1958)
  • Premier - Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1952–1955)
•  San Marino
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Arnaldo Para and Eugenio Bernardini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1952–1953)
    2. Vincenzo Pedini and Alberto Reffi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1953)
    3. Giordano Giacomini and Giuseppe Renzi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1953–1954)
•  Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader -
    1. Joseph Stalin, Senior Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
    2. Georgy Malenkov, Senior Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1953)
    3. Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)
  • Head of State -
    1. Nikolay Shvernik, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1946–1953)
    2. Kliment Voroshilov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1953–1960)
  • Premier -
    1. Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953)
    2. Georgy Malenkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1953–1955)
•  Spain
  • Head of State - Francisco Franco, Head of State of Spain (1936–1975)
  • Prime Minister - Francisco Franco, President of the Government of Spain (1938–1973)
•  Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf VI Adolf, King of Sweden (1950–1973)
  • Prime Minister - Tage Erlander, Prime Minister of Sweden (1946–1969)
•   Switzerland
  • Federal Council:[9]

    Philipp Etter (1934–1959, President), Karl Kobelt (1940–1954), Max Petitpierre (1944–1961), Rodolphe Rubattel (1947–1954), Josef Escher (1950–1954), Max Weber (1951–1953), Markus Feldmann (1951–1958), Hans Streuli (1953–1959)

• Trieste
  • Military Governor -
    • Zone A - Sir John Winterton, Governor of Zone A of Trieste (1951–1954)
    • Zone B - Miloš Stamatović, Governor of Zone B of Trieste (1951–1954)
•  United Kingdom
  • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
  • Prime Minister - Sir Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1951–1955)
•   Vatican City
  • Monarch - Pope Pius XII, Sovereign of Vatican City (1939–1958)
  • President of the Governorate - Cardinal Nicola Canali, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1939–1961)
  • Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
    • Secretary of State - Domenico Tardini, Pro-Secretary of State (1952–1961)
•  Yugoslavia
  • Communist Party leader - Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1936–1980)
  • Head of State -
    1. Ivan Ribar, President of the Presidency of the People's Assembly of Yugoslavia (1943–1953)
    2. Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia (1953–1980)
  • Premier - Josip Broz Tito, Chairman of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1943–1963)

North America

•  Canada
  • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
  • Governor General - Vincent Massey, Governor General of Canada (1952–1959)
  • Prime Minister - Louis St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada (1948–1957)
•  Costa Rica
  • President -
    1. Otilio Ulate Blanco, President of Costa Rica (1949–1953)
    2. José Figueres Ferrer, President of Costa Rica (1953–1958)
• Cuba
  • President - Fulgencio Batista, President of Cuba (1952–1959)
•  Dominican Republic
  • De facto Head of State - Rafael Trujillo, de facto ruler of the Dominican Republic (1930–1961)
  • President - Héctor Trujillo, President of the Dominican Republic (1952–1960)
•  El Salvador
  • President - Óscar Osorio, President of El Salvador (1950–1956)
•  Guatemala
  • President - Jacobo Árbenz, President of Guatemala (1951–1954)
•  Haiti
  • President - Paul Magloire, President of Haiti (1950–1956)
•  Honduras
  • President - Juan Manuel Gálvez, President of Honduras (1949–1954)
•  Mexico
  • President - Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, President of Mexico (1952–1958)
•  Nicaragua
  • President - Anastasio Somoza García, President of Nicaragua (1950–1956)
•  Panama
  • President - José Antonio Remón Cantera, President of Panama (1952–1955)
•  United States of America
  • President -
    1. Harry S. Truman, President of the United States (1945–1953)
    2. Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States (1953–1961)

Oceania

•  Australia
  • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
  • Governor-General -
    1. Sir William McKell, Governor-General of Australia (1947–1953)
    2. Sir William Slim, Governor-General of Australia (1953–1960)
  • Prime Minister - Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia (1949–1966)
•  New Zealand
  • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
  • Governor-General - Sir Willoughby Norrie, Governor-General of New Zealand (1952–1957)
  • Prime Minister - Sidney Holland, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1949–1957)

South America

•  Argentina
  • President - Juan Perón, President of Argentina (1946–1955)
•  Bolivia
  • President - Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President of Bolivia (1952–1956)
• Brazil
  • President - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (1951–1954)
• Chile
  • President - Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, President of Chile (1952–1958)
•  Colombia
  • President -
    1. Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez, President of Colombia (1951–1953)
    2. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, President of Colombia (1953–1957)
•  Ecuador
  • President - José María Velasco Ibarra, President of Ecuador (1952–1956)
•  Paraguay
  • President - Federico Chávez, President of Paraguay (1949–1954)
•  Peru
  • President - Manuel A. Odría, President of Peru (1950–1956)
  • Prime Minister - Zenón Noriega Agüero, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (1950–1954)
•  Uruguay
  • Head of State - Andrés Martínez Trueba, President of the National Council of Government of Uruguay (1951–1955)
• Venezuela
  • United States of Venezuela changed name to Republic of Venezuela on 15 April 1953
  • President - Marcos Pérez Jiménez, President of Venezuela (1952–1958)

References

1. In exile between 1936 and 1941.
2. North Korea only became independent in 1948.
3. North Korea only became independent in 1948.
4. Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
5. The Communist party only gained supreme power over the country in 1948.
6. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
7. In exile between 1940 and 1944.
8. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
9. The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

External links