List of state leaders in 1903

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1903.

Africa

Congo Free State –
- Monarch - Leopold II of Belgium, Sovereign of the Congo Free State (1885–1908)
Dervish state (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Leader of the Dervish State (1896–1920)
Ethiopia –
- Monarch - Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913)
Kano –
- disestablished on 15 February 1903
- Monarch - Aliyu Babba, Emir of Kano (1894–1903)
Liberia –
- President - Garretson W. Gibson, President of Liberia (1900–1904)
Morocco –
- Monarch - Abdelaziz, Sultan of Morocco (1894–1908)
Sokoto –
- disestablished on 29 July 1903
- Monarch - Muhammadu Attahiru I, Sultan of Sokoto (1902–1903)
- Head of Government - Muhammadu Sambo bn Ahmad, Sokoto Grand Vizier (1886–1910)[1]
Swaziland –
- became a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1903
- Monarch - Sobhuza II, Ngwenyama of Swaziland (1899–1982)[2]
- Regent - Labotsibeni Mdluli, Queen Regent of Swaziland (1899–1925)[3]
Wadai Empire –
- Monarch - Dud Murra, Kolak of Wadai (1901–1909)

Asia

Afghanistan –
- Monarch - Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1901–1919)
Bhutan –
- Leader - Choley Yeshe Ngodub, Druk Desi of Bhutan (1903–1905)
Bukhara –
- Monarch - 'Abd al-Ahad Khan, Emir of Bukhara (1885–1911)
China –
- Emperor - Guangxu Emperor, Emperor of China (1875–1908)
Dhala –
- Monarch - Sha'if ibn Sayf al-'Amiri, Emir of Dhala (1886–1911)[4]
Hejaz (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Awn ar-Rafiq, Sharif of Mecca (1882–1905)
Korean Empire –
- Monarch - Gojong, Emperor of Korea (1897–1907)
- Prime Minister - Yun Yong-seon, Prime Minister of Korea (1901–1903)
Jabal Shammar –
- Monarch - Abd al-Aziz ibn Mutib, Emir of Jabal Shammar (1897–1906)
Japan –
- Monarch - Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan (1867–1912)
- Prime Minister - Katsura Tarō, Prime Minister of Japan (1901–1906)
Khiva –
- Monarch - Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II, Khan of Khiva (1864–1910)
Muscat and Oman –
- Monarch - Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1888–1913)
Nejd and Hasa –
- Monarch - Ibn Saud, Emir of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1953)[5]
Nepal –
- Monarch - Prithvi, King of Nepal (1881–1911)
- Prime Minister - Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
Ottoman Empire –
- Monarch - Abdul Hamid II, Emperor of the Ottomans (1876–1909)
- Head of Government -
  1. Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1901–1903)
  2. Mehmed Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1903–1908)
Persia –
- Monarch - Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1896–1907)
- Premier - Ali Asghar Khan, Premier of Persia (1898–1904)
Rajpipla State - Chhatrasinhji (1897-1915)
Siam –
- Monarch - Chulalongkorn, King of Siam (1868–1910)
Tagalog Republic (unrecognized state) –
- President - Macario Sakay, President of the Tagalog Republic (1902–1906)

Europe

Andorra –
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince - Émile Loubet, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1899–1906)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1902–1906)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc Pallerola i Gabriel (1886–1915)
- First Syndic - Bonaventura Maestre, First Syndic of Andorra (1902–1905)
Austria-Hungary –
- Monarch - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916)
- Heads of Government -
  - Cisleithania (Austria) - Ernest von Koerber, Minister-President of Austria (1900–1904)
  - Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungary) -
    1. Kálmán Széll, Prime Minister of Hungary (1899–1903)
    2. Károly Khuen-Héderváry, Prime Minister of Hungary (1903)
    3. István Tisza, Prime Minister of Hungary (1903–1905)
Belgium –
- Monarch - Leopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
- Prime Minister - Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1899–1907)
Crete –
- Commissioner - Prince George of Greece and Denmark, High Commissioner of Crete (1898–1906)
Denmark –
- Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863–1906)
- Prime Minister - Johan Henrik Deuntzer, Council President of Denmark (1901–1905)
France –
- President - Émile Loubet, President of France (1899–1906)
- Prime Minister - Émile Combes, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1902–1905)
Germany –
- Monarch - Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1888–1918)
- Head of Government - Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (1900–1909)
Greece –
- Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Theodoros Diligiannis, Prime Minister of Greece (1902–1903)
  2. Georgios Theotokis, Prime Minister of Greece (1903)
  3. Dimitrios Rallis, Prime Minister of Greece (1903)
  4. Georgios Theotokis, Prime Minister of Greece (1903–1904)
Italy –
- Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Giuseppe Zanardelli, Prime Minister of Italy (1901–1903)
  2. Giovanni Giolitti, Prime Minister of Italy (1903–1905)
Kruševo Republic (unrecognized state) –
- established on 3 August 1903, disestablished on 13 August 1903
- President -
  1. Nikola Karev, President of Kruševo (1903)
  2. Vangel Dinu, President of Kruševo (1903)
Liechtenstein –
- Monarch - Johann II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
Luxembourg –
- Monarch - Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1890–1905)
- Prime Minister - Paul Eyschen, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1888–1915)
Monaco –
- Monarch - Albert I, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1889–1922)
Montenegro –
- Monarch - Nicholas I, Prince of Montenegro (1860–1918)[6]
Netherlands –
- Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[7]
- Prime Minister - Abraham Kuyper, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1901–1905)
Norway –
- in personal union with Sweden
- Monarch - Oscar II, King of Norway (1872–1905)
- Prime Minister -
  - Stockholm -
    1. Ole Anton Qvam, Prime Minister of Norway in Stockholm (1902–1903)
    2. Sigurd Ibsen, Prime Minister of Norway in Stockholm (1903–1905)
  - Christiania -
    1. Otto Blehr, Prime Minister of Norway in Christiania (1902–1903)
    2. Francis Hagerup, Prime Minister of Norway in Christiania (1903–1905)
Portugal –
- Monarch - Carlos I, King of Portugal (1889–1908)
- Head of Government - Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (1900–1904)
Romania –
- Monarch - Carol I, King of Romania (1866–1914)
- Premier - Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime Minister of Romania (1901–1906)
Russian Empire –
- Emperor - Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia (1894–1917)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Ivan Durnovo, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russia (1895–1903)
  2. Sergei Witte, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russia (1903–1906)[8]
San Marino –
- Captains Regent -
  1. Gemino Gozi and Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1902–1903)
  2. Federico Gozi and Nullo Balducci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1903)
  3. Marino Borbiconi and Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1903–1904)
Serbia –
- Monarch -
  1. Alexander I, King of Serbia (1889–1903)
  2. Peter I, King of Serbia (1903–1918)[9]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Dimitrije Cincar-Marković, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1902–1903)
  2. Jovan Avakumović, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1903)
  3. Sava Grujić, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1903–1904)
Spain –
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Francisco Silvela, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1902–1903)
  2. Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1903)
  3. Antonio Maura, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1903–1904)
Sweden –
- in personal union with Norway
- Monarch - Oscar II, King of Sweden (1872–1907)
- Prime Minister - Erik Gustaf Boström, Prime Minister of Sweden (1902–1905)
Switzerland –
- Federal Council:[10]
  Adolf Deucher (1883–1912, President), Josef Zemp (1891–1908), Eduard Müller (1895–1919), Ernst Brenner (1897–1911), Robert Comtesse (1899–1912), Marc-Émile Ruchet (1899–1912), Ludwig Forrer (1902-1917)
United Kingdom –
- Monarch - Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom (1901–1910)
- Prime Minister - Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1902–1905)

North America

Canada –
- Monarch - Edward VII, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1901–1910)
- Governor General - Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Governor General of Canada (1898–1904)
- Prime Minister - Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister of Canada (1896–1911)
Costa Rica –
- President - Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra, President of Costa Rica (1902–1906)
Cuba –
- President - Tomás Estrada Palma, President of Cuba (1902–1906)
Dominican Republic –
- President -
  1. Horacio Vásquez, President of the Dominican Republic (1902–1903)
  2. Alejandro Woss y Gil, President of the Dominican Republic (1903)
  3. Carlos Morales Languasco, President of the Dominican Republic (1903–1905)
El Salvador –
- President -
  1. Tomás Regalado, President of El Salvador (1898–1903)
  2. Pedro José Escalón, President of El Salvador (1903–1907)
Guatemala –
- President - Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala (1898–1920)
Haiti –
- President - Pierre Nord Alexis, President of Haiti (1902–1908)
Honduras –
- President -
  1. Terencio Sierra, President of Honduras (1899–1903)
  2. Juan Ángel Arias Boquín, President of Honduras (1903)
  3. Manuel Bonilla, President of Honduras (1903–1907)
Mexico –
- President - Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico (1884–1911)
Nicaragua –
- President - José Santos Zelaya, President of Nicaragua (1893–1909)
Panama –
- declared independence from Colombia on 3 November 1903
- President -
  1. Demetrio H. Brid, President of Panama (1903)
  2. Government Junta: José Agustín Arango, Tomás Arias, Federico Boyd (1903–1904)
United States –
- President - Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States (1901–1909)

Oceania

Australia –
- Monarch - Edward VII, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1901–1910)
- Governor-General - Hallam Tennyson, Governor-General of Australia (1902–1904)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Edmund Barton, Prime Minister of Australia (1901–1903)
  2. Alfred Deakin, Prime Minister of Australia (1903–1904)

South America

Acre (unrecognized state) –
- declared independence on 27 January 1903, reclaimed by Brazil on 11 November 1903
- President - José Plácido de Castro, President of Acre (1903)
Argentina –
- President - Julio Argentino Roca, President of Argentina (1898–1904)
Bolivia –
- President - José Manuel Pando, President of Bolivia (1899–1904)
Brazil –
- President - Rodrigues Alves, President of Brazil (1902–1906)
Chile –
- President - Germán Riesco, President of Chile (1901–1906)
Colombia –
- President - José Manuel Marroquín, President of Colombia (1900–1904)
Ecuador –
- President - Leónidas Plaza, President of Ecuador (1901–1905)
Paraguay –
- President - Juan Antonio Escurra, President of Paraguay (1902–1904)
Peru –
- President -
  1. Eduardo López de Romaña, President of Peru (1899–1903)
  2. Manuel Candamo, President of Peru (1903–1904)
Uruguay –
- President -
  1. Juan Lindolfo Cuestas, President of Uruguay (1899–1903)
  2. José Batlle y Ordóñez, President of Uruguay (1903–1907)
Venezuela –
- President - Cipriano Castro, President of Venezuela (1899–1908)

References

Sokoto was only an independent state until 1903.
Under regency until he came of age in 1921. Swaziland was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1968.
Queen Mother from 1921 to 1925. Swaziland was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1968.
Dhala was a British protectorate from 1904.
Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.
In exile between 1940 and 1945.
Prime Minister of Russia 1905-1906
Peter I was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921.
The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

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[1] Sokoto was only an independent state until 1903.

[2] Under regency until he came of age in 1921. Swaziland was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1968.

[3] Queen Mother from 1921 to 1925. Swaziland was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1968.

[4] Dhala was a British protectorate from 1904.

[Saud-5] Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.

[6] Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.

[In_exile_between_1940_and_1945-7] In exile between 1940 and 1945.

[8] Prime Minister of Russia 1905-1906

[Serbs_1921-9] Peter I was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921.

[10] The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.