List of state leaders in 1908

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1908.

Africa

Congo Free State –
- annexed by Belgium on 15 November 1908
- Monarch - Leopold II of Belgium, Sovereign of the Congo Free State (1885–1908)
Dervish state (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Leader of the Dervish State (1896–1920)
Ethiopia –
- Monarch - Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (1889–1913)
Liberia –
- President - Arthur Barclay, President of Liberia (1904–1912)
Morocco –
- Monarch -
  1. Abdelaziz, Sultan of Morocco (1894–1908)
  2. Abd al-Hafid of Morocco, Sultan of Morocco (1908–1912)
Wadai Empire –
- Monarch - Dud Murra, Kolak of Wadai (1901–1909)

Asia

Afghanistan –
- Monarch - Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1901–1919)
Asir –
- Monarch - Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, Emir of Asir (1906–1923)
Bhutan –
- Monarch - Ugyen Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan (1907–1926)[1]
- Prime Minister - Ugyen Dorji, Prime Minister of Bhutan (1907–1916)
Bukhara –
- Monarch - 'Abd al-Ahad Khan, Emir of Bukhara (1885–1911)
China –
- Emperor -
  1. Guangxu Emperor, Emperor of China (1875–1908)
  2. Puyi, Emperor of China (1908–1912)
- Regent -
  1. Empress Dowager Cixi, Empress Dowager of China (1861–1908)
  2. Zaifeng, Prince Chun (1908–1911) + Empress Dowager Longyu (1908–1912)
- Premier - Yikuang, Prince Qing, Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet (1903–1911)
Hejaz (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch -
  1. Ali Pasha ibn Abd Allah, Sharif of Mecca (1905–1908)
  2. Abd al-Ilah Pasha, Sharif of Mecca (1908)
  3. Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca (1908–1924)[2]
Jabal Shammar –
- Monarch -
  1. Sultān bin Hammūd, Emir of Jabal Shammar (1907–1908)
  2. Saʿūd bin Hammūd, Emir of Jabal Shammar (1908–1910)
Japan –
- Monarch - Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan (1867–1912)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Saionji Kinmochi, Prime Minister of Japan (1906–1908)
  2. Katsura Tarō, Prime Minister of Japan (1908–1911)
Khiva –
- Monarch - Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II, Khan of Khiva (1864–1910)
Korean Empire –
- Monarch - Sunjong, Emperor of Korea (1907–1910)
- Prime Minister - Ye Wanyong, Prime Minister of Korea (1907–1909)
Muscat and Oman –
- Monarch - Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1888–1913)
Nejd and Hasa –
- Monarch - Ibn Saud, Emir of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1953)[3]
Nepal –
- Monarch - Prithvi, King of Nepal (1881–1911)
- Prime Minister - Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
Ottoman Empire –
- Monarch - Abdul Hamid II, Emperor of the Ottomans (1876–1909)
- Head of Government -
  1. Mehmed Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1903–1908)
  2. Mehmed Said Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1908)
  3. Kâmil Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1909)
Persia –
- Monarch - Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1907–1909)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Hossein-Qoli Nezam al-Saltaneh Mafi, Prime Minister of Persia (1907–1908)
  2. Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh, Prime Minister of Persia (1908–1909)
Rajpipla State - Chhatrasinhji (1897-1915)
Siam
- Monarch – Chulalongkorn, King of Siam (1868–1910)

Europe

Andorra –
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince - Armand Fallières, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1906–1913)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince - Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1907–1919)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc Pallerola i Gabriel (1886–1915)
- First Syndic - Pere Moles, First Syndic of Andorra (1906–1911)
Austria-Hungary –
- Monarch - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916)
- Heads of Government -
  - Cisleithania (Austria) -
    1. Baron Max Wladimir von Beck, Minister-President of Austria (1906–1908)
    2. Count Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling, Minister-President of Austria (1908–1911)
  - Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungary) - Sándor Wekerle, Prime Minister of Hungary (1906–1910)
Belgium –
- Monarch - Leopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1899–1907)
  2. Jules de Trooz, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1907)
  3. Frans Schollaert, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1908–1911)
Bulgaria –
- declared independence 5 October 1908
- Monarch - Ferdinand I, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1887–1918)[4]
- Premier -
  1. Petar Gudev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1907–1908)
  2. Aleksandar Malinov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1908–1911)
Crete –
- annexed by Greece on 7 October 1908
- Commissioner - Alexandros Zaimis, High Commissioner of Crete (1906–1911)[5]
Denmark –
- Monarch - Frederick VIII, King of Denmark (1906–1912)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Jens Christian Christensen, Council President of Denmark (1905–1908)
  2. Niels Neergaard, Council President of Denmark (1908–1909)
France –
- President - Armand Fallières, President of France (1906–1913)
- Prime Minister - Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1906–1909)
Germany –
- Monarch - Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1888–1918)
- Head of Government - Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (1900–1909)
Greece –
- Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
- Prime Minister - Georgios Theotokis, Prime Minister of Greece (1905–1909)
Holy See –
- Monarch - Pope Pius X, Pope (1903–1914)
- Secretary of State - Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val, Cardinal Secretary of State (1903–1914)
Italy –
- Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
- Prime Minister - Giovanni Giolitti, Prime Minister of Italy (1906–1909)
Liechtenstein –
- Monarch - Johann II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
Luxembourg –
- Monarch - William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1905–1912)
- Regent - Grand Duchess Marie Anne, Regent of Luxembourg (1908–1912)
- Prime Minister - Paul Eyschen, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1888–1915)
Monaco –
- Monarch - Albert I, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1889–1922)
Montenegro –
- Monarch - Nicholas I, Prince of Montenegro (1860–1918)[6]
- Prime Minister - Lazar Tomanović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1907–1912)
Netherlands –
- Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[7]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Theo de Meester, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1905–1908)
  2. Theo Heemskerk, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1908–1913)
Norway –
- Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)[7]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Jørgen Løvland, Prime Minister of Norway (1907–1908)
  2. Gunnar Knudsen, Prime Minister of Norway (1908–1910)
Portugal –
- Monarch -
  1. Carlos I, King of Portugal (1889–1908)
  2. Manuel II, King of Portugal (1908–1910)
- Head of Government -
  1. João Franco, Prime Minister of Portugal (1906–1908)
  2. Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral, Prime Minister of Portugal (1908)
  3. Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques, Prime Minister of Portugal (1908–1909)
Romania –
- Monarch - Carol I, King of Romania (1866–1914)
- Premier - Dimitrie Sturdza, Prime Minister of Romania (1907–1909)
Russian Empire –
- Emperor - Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia (1894–1917)
- Prime Minister - Pyotr Stolypin, Prime Minister of Russia (1906–1911)
San Marino –
- Captains Regent -
  1. Giuseppe Angeli and Francesco Valli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1907–1908)
  2. Menetto Bonelli and Gustavo Babboni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1908)
  3. Olinto Amati and Raffaele Michetti, Captains Regent of San Marino (1908–1909)
Serbia –
- Monarch - Peter I, King of Serbia (1903–1918)[8]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Nikola Pašić, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1906–1908)
  2. Petar Velimirović, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1908–1909)
Spain –
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister - Antonio Maura, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1907–1909)
Sweden –
- Monarch – Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
- Prime Minister - Arvid Lindman, Prime Minister of Sweden (1906–1911)
Switzerland –
- Federal Council:[9]
  Adolf Deucher (1883–1912), Josef Zemp (1891–1908), Eduard Müller (1895–1919), Ernst Brenner (1897–1911, President), Robert Comtesse (1899–1912), Marc-Émile Ruchet (1899–1912), Ludwig Forrer (1902-1917), Josef Anton Schobinger (1908–1911)
United Kingdom –
- Monarch - Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom (1901–1910)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1905–1908)
  2. H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1908–1916)

North America

Canada –
- Monarch - Edward VII, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1901–1910)
- Governor General - Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, Governor General of Canada (1904–1911)
- Prime Minister - Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister of Canada (1896–1911)
Costa Rica –
- President - Cleto González Víquez, President of Costa Rica (1906–1910)
Cuba (occupied by the United States) –
- Governor - Charles Edward Magoon, Provisional Governor of Cuba (1906–1909)
Dominican Republic –
- President - Ramón Cáceres, President of the Dominican Republic (1905–1911)
El Salvador –
- President - Fernando Figueroa, President of El Salvador (1907–1911)
Guatemala –
- President - Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala (1898–1920)
Haiti –
- President -
  1. Pierre Nord Alexis, President of Haiti (1902–1908)
  2. François C. Antoine Simon, President of Haiti (1908–1911)
Honduras –
- President - Miguel R. Dávila, President of Honduras (1907–1911)
Mexico –
- President - Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico (1884–1911)
Newfoundland –
- Monarch - Edward VII, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1901–1910)
- Governor - William MacGregor, Governor of Newfoundland (1904–1909)
- Prime Minister - Robert Bond, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1900–1909)
Nicaragua –
- President - José Santos Zelaya, President of Nicaragua (1893–1909)
Panama –
- President -
  1. Manuel Amador Guerrero, President of Panama (1904–1908)
  2. José Domingo de Obaldía, President of Panama (1908–1910)
United States –
- President - Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States (1901–1909)

Oceania

Australia –
- Monarch - Edward VII, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1901–1910)
- Governor-General -
  1. Henry Northcote, Governor-General of Australia (1904–1908)
  2. William Ward, Governor-General of Australia (1908–1911)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Alfred Deakin, Prime Minister of Australia (1905–1908)
  2. Andrew Fisher, Prime Minister of Australia (1908–1909)
New Zealand –
- Monarch - Edward VII, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1901–1910)
- Governor - William Plunket, Governor of New Zealand (1904–1910)
- Prime Minister - Joseph Ward, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1906–1912)

South America

Argentina –
- President - José Figueroa Alcorta, President of Argentina (1906–1910)
Bolivia –
- President - Ismael Montes, President of Bolivia (1904–1909)
Brazil –
- President - Afonso Pena, President of Brazil (1906–1909)
Chile –
- President - Pedro Montt, President of Chile (1906–1910)
Colombia –
- President - Rafael Reyes, President of Colombia (1904–1909)
Ecuador –
- President - Eloy Alfaro, President of Ecuador (1906–1911)
Paraguay –
- President -
  1. Benigno Ferreira, President of Paraguay (1906–1908)
  2. Emiliano González Navero, President of Paraguay (1908–1910)
Peru –
- President -
  1. José Pardo y Barreda, President of Peru (1904–1908)
  2. Augusto B. Leguía, President of Peru (1908–1912)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Carlos A. Washburn Salas, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1907–1908)
  2. Eulogio I. Romero Salcedo, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1908–1909)
Uruguay –
- President - Claudio Williman, President of Uruguay (1907–1911)
Venezuela –
- President -
  1. Cipriano Castro, President of Venezuela (1899–1908)
  2. Juan Vicente Gómez, President of Venezuela (1908–1913)

References

Ugyen Wangchuck was Druk Gyalpo until 1926, but the Kingdom of Bhutan was only sovereign until 1910.
Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.
Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
Bulgaria only became independent in 1908.
The Cretan State was annexed by Greece in 1908.
Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.
In exile between 1940 and 1945.
Peter I was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921.
The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

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[1] Ugyen Wangchuck was Druk Gyalpo until 1926, but the Kingdom of Bhutan was only sovereign until 1910.

[2] Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.

[Saud-3] Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.

[4] Bulgaria only became independent in 1908.

[5] The Cretan State was annexed by Greece in 1908.

[6] Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.

[In_exile_between_1940_and_1945-7] In exile between 1940 and 1945.

[Serbs_1921-8] Peter I was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921.

[9] The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.