List of state leaders in 1917

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1917.

Africa

• Dervish state (unrecognized state) –
  • Monarch - Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Leader of the Dervish State (1896–1920)
•  Ethiopia –
  • Monarch - Zewditu, Empress of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
  • Regent - Ras Tafari Makonnen, Regent of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
  • Chief Minister - Habte Giyorgis Dinagde, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1909–1927)
•  Liberia –
  • President - Daniel Edward Howard, President of Liberia (1912–1920)
• South Africa –
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General - Sydney Buxton, Viscount Buxton, Governor-General of South Africa (1914–1920)
  • Prime Minister - Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa (1910–1919)

Asia

• Afghanistan –
  • Monarch - Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1901–1919)
• Asir –
  • Monarch - Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, Emir of Asir (1909–1923)
• Bukhara –
  • Monarch - Mohammed Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara (1911–1920)
• China –
  • Beiyang Government –
    • President -
      1. Li Yuanhong, President of China (1916–1917)
      2. Feng Guozhang, President of China (1917–1918)
    • Premier -
      1. Duan Qirui, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1916–1917)
      2. Wu Tingfang Acting Premier of State Council of China (1917)
      3. Li Jingxi Acting Premier of State Council of China (1917)
      4. Duan Qirui Acting Premier of State Council of China (1917)
      5. Wang Daxie Acting Premier of State Council of China (1917)
      6. Wang Shizhen, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1917–1918)
  •  Qing Dynasty –
    • reinstated 1 July 1917 – 12 July 1917
    • Monarch - Puyi, Emperor of China (1917)
    • Prime Minister - Zhang Xun, Prime Minister of China (1917)
  •  Nationalist Government –
    • declared independence on 10 September 1917
    • Head of State - Sun Yat-sen, Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of China (1917–1918)
  • Mongolia –
    • Monarch - Bogd Khan, Khan of the Bogd Khanate (1911–1919)
    • Prime Minister - Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1912–1919)
  • Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
    • Monarch - Thubten Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1879–1933)
• Hejaz (unrecognized state) –
  • Monarch - Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz (1908–1924)[1]
• Jabal Shammar –
  • Monarch - Saud bin Abdulaziz, Emir of Jabal Shammar (1910–1920)
•  Japan –
  • Monarch - Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan (1912–1926)
  • Prime Minister - Terauchi Masatake, Prime Minister of Japan (1916–1918)
• Khiva –
  • Monarch - Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur, Khan of Khiva (1910–1918)
• Muscat and Oman –
  • Monarch - Taimur bin Feisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1913–1932)
• Nejd and Hasa –
  • Monarch - Ibn Saud, Emir of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1953)[2]
• Nepal –
  • Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
• Ottoman Empire –
  • Monarch - Mehmed V, Emperor of the Ottomans (1909–1918)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Said Halim Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1913–1917)
    2. Talaat Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1917–1918)
• Persia –
  • Monarch - Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1909–1925)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Hassan Vosugh al-Dowleh, Prime Minister of Persia (1916–1917)
    2. Mohammad-Ali Ala al-Saltaneh, Prime Minister of Persia (1917)
    3. Abdol Majid Mirza, Prime Minister of Persia (1917–1918)
• Rajpipla State - Vijaysinhji (1915-1948)
•  Siam –
  • Monarch - Vajiravudh, King of Siam (1910–1925)

Australia and Oceania

•  Australia –
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General - Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson, Governor-General of Australia (1914–1920)
  • Prime Minister - Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia (1915–1923)
• New Zealand –
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor-General - Arthur Foljambe, Earl of Liverpool, Governor-General of New Zealand[3] (1912–1920)
  • Prime Minister - William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1912–1925)

Europe

• Albania –
  • occupied by Italy on June 23, 1917
  • Monarch - William, Prince of Albania (1914–1925)
  • Military governor - Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barensfeld, Austro-Hungarian Governor-general in Serbia (1916–1918)
•  Andorra –
  • Monarchs -
    • French Co-Prince - Raymond Poincaré, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1913–1920)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1907–1919)
      • Co-Prince's Representative - Joseph de Riba (1915–1933)
  • First Syndic - Pere Font, First Syndic of Andorra (1915–1917)
• Austria-Hungary –
  • Monarch - Charles, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1916–1918)
  • Heads of Government -
    • Cisleithania (Austria)
      1. Heinrich Clam-Martinic, Minister-President of Austria (1916–1917)
      2. Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, Minister-President of Austria (1917–1918)
    • Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungary)
      1. István Tisza, Prime Minister of Hungary (1913–1917)
      2. Móric Esterházy, Prime Minister of Hungary (1917)
      3. Sándor Wekerle, Prime Minister of Hungary (1917–1918)
•  Belgium –
  • Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
  • Prime Minister - Count Charles de Broqueville, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1911–1918)
•  Bulgaria –
  • Monarch - Ferdinand I, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1887–1918)[4]
  • Premier - Vasil Radoslavov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1913–1918)
•  Denmark –
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Carl Theodor Zahle, Prime Minister of Denmark (1913–1920)
• Finland –
  • declared independence on 6 December 1917
  • Head of State - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime Minister of Finland (1917–1918)
• France –
  • President - Raymond Poincaré, President of France (1913–1920)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Aristide Briand, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1915–1917)
    2. Alexandre Ribot, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1917)
    3. Paul Painlevé, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1917)
    4. Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1917–1920)
• Germany –
  • Monarch - Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1888–1918)
  • Head of Government -
    1. Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor of Germany (1909–1917)
    2. Georg Michaelis, Chancellor of Germany (1917)
    3. Count Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (1917–1918)
• Greece –
  • Monarch -
    1. Constantine I, King of the Hellenes (1913–1917)
    2. Alexander, King of the Hellenes (1917–1920)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Spyridon Lambros, Prime Minister of Greece (1916–1917)
    2. Alexandros Zaimis, Prime Minister of Greece (1917)
    3. Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece (1917–1920)
•  Italy –
  • Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Paolo Boselli, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1916–1917)
    2. Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1917–1919)
•  Liechtenstein –
  • Monarch - Johann II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
  • Administrator - Leopold Freiherr von Imhof, Land Administrator of Liechtenstein (1914–1918)
•  Luxembourg –
  • Monarch - Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1912–1919)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Victor Thorn, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1916–1917)
    2. Léon Kauffman, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1917–1918)
•  Monaco –
  • Monarch - Albert I, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1889–1922)
  • Head of Government - Émile Flach, Acting Minister of State of Monaco (1911–1917)
• Montenegro –
  • Monarch - Nicholas I, King of Montenegro (1860–1918)[5]
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Andrija Radović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1916–1917)
    2. Milo Matanović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1917)
    3. Evgenije Popović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1917–1919)
•  Netherlands –
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)[6]
  • Prime Minister - Pieter Cort van der Linden, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1913–1918)
•  Norway –
  • Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)[6]
  • Prime Minister - Gunnar Knudsen, Prime Minister of Norway (1913–1920)
• Portugal –
  • President -
    1. Bernardino Machado, President of Portugal (1915–1917)
    2. Sidónio Pais, President of Portugal (1917–1918)
  • Head of Government -
    1. António José de Almeida, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1916–1917)
    2. Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1917)
    3. José Norton de Matos, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1917)
    4. Sidónio Pais, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1917–1918)
•  Romania –
  • Monarch - Ferdinand I, King of the Romanians (1914–1927)
  • Premier - Ion I. C. Brătianu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1914–1918)
• Russia –
  • Russian Empire
    • superseded by the Russian Provisional Government on 15 March 1917
    • Emperor - Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia (1894–1917)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Alexander Trepov, Prime Minister of Russia (1916–1917)
      2. Prince Nikolai Golitsyn, Prime Minister of Russia (1917)
  • Russian Provisional Government（Russian Republic）
    • superseded by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on 7 November 1917
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Prince Georgy Lvov, Prime Minister of Russia (1917)
      2. Alexander Kerensky, Prime Minister of Russia (1917)
  •  Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (unrecognized state)
    • Head of State -
      1. Lev Kamenev, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (1917)
      2. Yakov Sverdlov, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (1917–1919)
    • Premier - Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Russia (1917–1924)[7]
    • Alash (unrecognized state)
      • established on December 13 1917
      • Head of State - Alikhan Bokeikhanov, Chairman of the Alash Orda (1917–1920)
    • Crimea (unrecognized state)
      • established on December 13 1917
      • President - Noman Çelebicihan, President of Crimea (1917–1918)
    • Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (partially recognized state)
      • established March 1917
      • Head of State - Tapa Tchermoeff, Prime Minister of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1917–1918)
•  San Marino –
  • Captains Regent -
    1. Gustavo Babboni and Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1916–1917)
    2. Egisto Morri and Vincenzo Marcucci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1917)
    3. Angelo Manzoni Borghesi and Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1917–1918)
• Serbia –
  • Monarch - Peter I, King of Serbia (1903–1918)[8]
  • Prime Minister - Nikola Pašić, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1912–1918)
• Spain –
  • Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1915–1917)
    2. Manuel García-Prieto, Marquis of Alhucemas, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1917)
    3. Eduardo Dato, Marquis of Alhucemas, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1917)
    4. Manuel García-Prieto, Marquis of Alhucemas, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1917–1918)
•  Sweden –
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Minister of Sweden (1914–1917)
    2. Carl Swartz, Prime Minister of Sweden (1917)
    3. Nils Edén, Prime Minister of Sweden (1917–1920)
•   Switzerland –

Federal Council:[9]

Eduard Müller (1895–1919), Ludwig Forrer (1902-1917), Arthur Hoffmann (1911–1917), Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Camille Decoppet (1912–1919), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935, President), Felix Calonder (1913–1920), Gustave Ador (1917–1919), Robert Haab (1917–1929)

• Ukraine
  • Head of State - Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Chairman of the Central Rada of Ukraine (1917–1918)
  • Prime Minister - Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Chairman of the Council of People's Ministers of Ukraine (1917–1918)

•  United Kingdom –
  • Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
  • Prime Minister - David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1916–1922)

North America and the Caribbean

•  Canada –
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor General - Victor Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, Governor General of Canada (1916–1921)
  • Prime Minister - Sir Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada (1911–1920)
•  Costa Rica –
  • President -
    1. Alfredo González Flores, President of Costa Rica (1914–1917)
    2. Federico Tinoco Granados, President of Costa Rica (1917–1919)
• Cuba –
  • President - Mario García Menocal, President of Cuba (1913–1921)
•  Dominican Republic (under US occupation) –
  • Governor - Harry Shepard Knapp, Governor of Santo Domingo (1916–1918)
•  El Salvador –
  • President - Carlos Meléndez, President of El Salvador (1915–1918)
•  Guatemala –
  • President - Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala (1898–1920)
•  Haiti (under US occupation) –
  • Military Commander - John H. Russell, Jr., Military Commander of Haiti (1917–1918)
  • President - Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, President of Haiti (1915–1922)
•  Honduras –
  • President - Francisco Bertrand, President of Honduras (1913–1919)
•  Mexico –
  • President - Venustiano Carranza, President of Mexico (1914–1920)
•  Newfoundland –
  • Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
  • Governor -
    1. Sir Walter Edward Davidson, Governor of Newfoundland (1913–1917)
    2. Sir Charles Alexander Harris, Governor of Newfoundland (1917–1922)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Sir Edward Patrick Morris, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1909–1917)
    2. Sir John Crosbie, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1917–1918)
•  Nicaragua –
  • President -
    1. Adolfo Díaz, President of Nicaragua (1911–1917)
    2. Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, President of Nicaragua (1917–1921)
•  Panama –
  • President - Ramón Maximiliano Valdés, President of Panama (1916–1918)
•  United States –
  • President - Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States (1913–1921)

South America

•  Argentina –
  • President - Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (1916–1922)
•  Bolivia –
  • President -
    1. Ismael Montes, President of Bolivia (1913–1917)
    2. José Gutiérrez, President of Bolivia (1917–1920)
• Brazil –
  • President - Venceslau Brás, President of Brazil (1914–1918)
•  Chile –
  • President - Juan Luis Sanfuentes, President of Chile (1915–1920)
•  Colombia –
  • President - José Vicente Concha, President of Colombia (1914–1918)
•  Ecuador –
  • President - Alfredo Baquerizo, President of Ecuador (1916–1920)
•  Paraguay –
  • President - Manuel Franco, President of Paraguay (1916–1919)
•  Peru –
  • President - José Pardo y Barreda, President of Peru (1915–1919)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Enrique de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1915–1917)
    2. Francisco Tudela y Varela, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1917–1918)
•  Uruguay –
  • President - Feliciano Viera, President of Uruguay (1915–1919)
• Venezuela –
  • President - Victorino Márquez Bustillos, Provisional President of Venezuela (1914–1922)

References

1. Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.
2. Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
3. Arthur Foljambe was titled Governor of New Zealand until 28 June 1917.
4. Bulgaria only became independent in 1908.
5. Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.
6. In exile between 1940 and 1945.
7. Lenin was head of government of Russia (Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars) from 1917 to 1924 and head of government of the Soviet Union (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars) from 1922 to 1924.
8. Peter I was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921.
9. The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.