NRF1

Nuclear respiratory factor 1, also known as Nrf1, Nrf-1, NRF1 and NRF-1, encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. The protein has also been associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, which encode the same protein, have been characterized. Additional variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described but they have not been fully characterized. Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene and for "nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 1" which has an official symbol of NFE2L1.

NRF1
Identifiers
Aliases	NRF1, ALPHA-PAL, nuclear respiratory factor 1
External IDs	OMIM: 600879 MGI: 1332235 HomoloGene: 3674 GeneCards: NRF1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 7 (human)[1] Band 7q32.2 Start 129,611,720 bp[1] End 129,757,082 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 6 (mouse)[2] Band 6 A3.3|6 12.47 cM Start 30,047,988 bp[2] End 30,153,458 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • DNA binding • protein homodimerization activity • GO:0001077, GO:0001212, GO:0001213, GO:0001211, GO:0001205 DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific • GO:0000980 RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding • GO:0001948 protein binding • core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding • RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding • GO:0001131, GO:0001151, GO:0001130, GO:0001204 DNA-binding transcription factor activity Cellular component • extracellular exosome • nucleoplasm • cytosol • cell nucleus Biological process • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • mitochondrion organization • generation of precursor metabolites and energy • transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	4899	18181
Ensembl	ENSG00000106459	ENSMUSG00000058440
UniProt	Q16656	Q9WU00
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_005011 NM_001040110 NM_001293163 NM_001293164	NM_001164226 NM_001164227 NM_001164228 NM_001164229 NM_001164230 NM_010938 NM_001361692 NM_001361693 NM_001361694 NM_001361695
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001035199 NP_001280092 NP_001280093 NP_005002	NP_001157698 NP_001157699 NP_001157700 NP_001157701 NP_001157702 NP_035068 NP_001348621 NP_001348622 NP_001348623 NP_001348624
Location (UCSC)	Chr 7: 129.61 – 129.76 Mb	Chr 6: 30.05 – 30.15 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

Nrf1 functions as a transcription factor that activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for mitochondrial respiration, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. Nrf1, together with Nrf2, mediates the biogenomic coordination between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes by directly regulating the expression of several nuclear-encoded ETC proteins, and indirectly regulating the three mitochondrial-encoded COX subunit genes by activating mtTFA, mtTFB1, and mtTFB2.

Nrf1 is associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth.[5]

Alternate transcriptional splice variants, which encode the same protein, have been characterized. Additional variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described but they have not been fully characterized.[6]

Cyclin D1-dependent kinase, through phosphorylating NRF-1 at S47, coordinates nuclear DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function.[7]

Interactions

NRF1 has been shown to interact with DYNLL1,[8] PPARGC1A,[9] and PPRC1.[10]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000106459 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000058440 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Chang WT, Chen HI, Chiou RJ, Chen CY, Huang AM (August 2005). "A novel function of transcription factor alpha-Pal/NRF-1: increasing neurite outgrowth". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 334 (1): 199–206. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.079. PMID 15992771.
6. "Entrez Gene: NRF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1".
7. Wang C, Li Z, Lu Y, Du R, Katiyar S, Yang J, Fu M, Leader JE, Quong A, Novikoff PM, Pestell RG (2006). "Cyclin D1 repression of nuclear respiratory factor 1 integrates nuclear DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (31): 11567–72. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10311567W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603363103. JSTOR 30051572. PMC 1518800. PMID 16864783.
8. Herzig RP, Andersson U, Scarpulla RC (December 2000). "Dynein light chain interacts with NRF-1 and EWG, structurally and functionally related transcription factors from humans and drosophila". J. Cell Sci. 113 (23): 4263–73. PMID 11069771.
9. Wu Z, Puigserver P, Andersson U, Zhang C, Adelmant G, Mootha V, Troy A, Cinti S, Lowell B, Scarpulla RC, Spiegelman BM (July 1999). "Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1". Cell. 98 (1): 115–24. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80611-X. PMID 10412986. S2CID 16143809.
10. Andersson U, Scarpulla RC (May 2001). "PGC-1-related coactivator, a novel, serum-inducible coactivator of nuclear respiratory factor 1-dependent transcription in mammalian cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (11): 3738–49. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.11.3738-3749.2001. PMC 87014. PMID 11340167.

Further reading

• Tiranti V, Rossi E, Rocchi M, DiDonato S, Zuffardi O, Zeviani M (1995). "The gene (NFE2L1) for human NRF-1, an activator involved in nuclear-mitochondrial interactions, maps to 7q32". Genomics. 27 (3): 555–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1094. PMID 7558044.
• Gopalakrishnan L, Scarpulla RC (1995). "Structure, expression, and chromosomal assignment of the human gene encoding nuclear respiratory factor 1". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (30): 18019–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.30.18019. PMID 7629110.
• Efiok BJ, Chiorini JA, Safer B (1994). "A key transcription factor for eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha is strongly homologous to developmental transcription factors and may link metabolic genes to cellular growth and development". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (29): 18921–30. PMID 8034649.
• Virbasius JV, Scarpulla RC (1994). "Activation of the human mitochondrial transcription factor A gene by nuclear respiratory factors: a potential regulatory link between nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression in organelle biogenesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (4): 1309–13. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.1309V. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.4.1309. PMC 43147. PMID 8108407.
• Virbasius CA, Virbasius JV, Scarpulla RC (1994). "NRF-1, an activator involved in nuclear-mitochondrial interactions, utilizes a new DNA-binding domain conserved in a family of developmental regulators". Genes Dev. 7 (12A): 2431–45. doi:10.1101/gad.7.12a.2431. PMID 8253388.
• Spelbrink JN, Van den Bogert C (1996). "The pre-mRNA of nuclear respiratory factor 1, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, is alternatively spliced in human tissues and cell lines". Hum. Mol. Genet. 4 (9): 1591–6. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.9.1591. PMID 8541844.
• Johnsen O, Skammelsrud N, Luna L, Nishizawa M, Prydz H, Kolstø AB (1996). "Small Maf proteins interact with the human transcription factor TCF11/Nrf1/LCR-F1". Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (21): 4289–97. doi:10.1093/nar/24.21.4289. PMC 146217. PMID 8932385.
• Venugopal R, Jaiswal AK (1997). "Nrf1 and Nrf2 positively and c-Fos and Fra1 negatively regulate the human antioxidant response element-mediated expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 gene". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (25): 14960–5. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9314960V. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14960. PMC 26245. PMID 8962164.
• Chen S, Nagy PL, Zalkin H (1997). "Role of NRF-1 in bidirectional transcription of the human GPAT-AIRC purine biosynthesis locus". Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (9): 1809–16. doi:10.1093/nar/25.9.1809. PMC 146651. PMID 9108165.
• Toki T, Itoh J, Kitazawa J, Arai K, Hatakeyama K, Akasaka J, Igarashi K, Nomura N, Yokoyama M, Yamamoto M, Ito E (1997). "Human small Maf proteins form heterodimers with CNC family transcription factors and recognize the NF-E2 motif". Oncogene. 14 (16): 1901–10. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201024. PMID 9150357.
• Marini MG, Chan K, Casula L, Kan YW, Cao A, Moi P (1997). "hMAF, a small human transcription factor that heterodimerizes specifically with Nrf1 and Nrf2". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (26): 16490–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.26.16490. PMID 9195958.
• Gugneja S, Scarpulla RC (1997). "Serine phosphorylation within a concise amino-terminal domain in nuclear respiratory factor 1 enhances DNA binding". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (30): 18732–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.30.18732. PMID 9228045.
• Johnsen O, Murphy P, Prydz H, Kolsto AB (1998). "Interaction of the CNC-bZIP factor TCF11/LCR-F1/Nrf1 with MafG: binding-site selection and regulation of transcription". Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (2): 512–20. doi:10.1093/nar/26.2.512. PMC 147270. PMID 9421508.
• Au HC, Scheffler IE (1998). "Promoter analysis of the human succinate dehydrogenase iron-protein gene--both nuclear respiratory factors NRF-1 and NRF-2 are required". Eur. J. Biochem. 251 (1–2): 164–74. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2510164.x. PMID 9492280.
• Miranda S, Foncea R, Guerrero J, Leighton F (1999). "Oxidative stress and upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis genes in mitochondrial DNA-depleted HeLa cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 258 (1): 44–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0580. PMID 10222232.
• Li B, Holloszy JO, Semenkovich CF (1999). "Respiratory uncoupling induces delta-aminolevulinate synthase expression through a nuclear respiratory factor-1-dependent mechanism in HeLa cells". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (25): 17534–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.25.17534. PMID 10364186.
• Wu Z, Puigserver P, Andersson U, Zhang C, Adelmant G, Mootha V, Troy A, Cinti S, Lowell B, Scarpulla RC, Spiegelman BM (1999). "Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1". Cell. 98 (1): 115–24. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80611-X. PMID 10412986. S2CID 16143809.
• Solecki D, Bernhardt G, Lipp M, Wimmer E (2000). "Identification of a nuclear respiratory factor-1 binding site within the core promoter of the human polio virus receptor/CD155 gene". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (17): 12453–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.17.12453. PMID 10777530.
• Kumari D, Usdin K (2001). "Interaction of the transcription factors USF1, USF2, and alpha -Pal/Nrf-1 with the FMR1 promoter. Implications for Fragile X mental retardation syndrome". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (6): 4357–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M009629200. PMID 11058604.

External links

• NRF1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• FactorBook Nrf1

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.